Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife

His Grace The Duke of Fife KG KT GCVO VD PC
The Duke of Fife, c. 1889
Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms
In office 3 May 1880 – 21 January 1881
Preceded by	The Earl of Coventry
Succeeded by	The Marquess of Huntly
Personal details
Born	(1849-11-10)10 November 1849 Edinburgh, Scotland
Died	29 January 1912(1912-01-29) (aged 62) Aswan, Egypt
Resting place	Royal Vault, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and later St Ninian's Chapel, Braemar
Spouse	Louise, Princess Royal ​ ​ (m. 1889)​
Children	Alastair, Marquess of Macduff Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife Maud Carnegie, Countess of Southesk
Parents	James Duff, 5th Earl Fife (father) Lady Agnes Hay (mother)

Alexander William George Duff, 1st Duke of Fife, KG, KT, GCVO, VD, PC (10 November 1849 – 29 January 1912), styled Viscount Macduff between 1857 and 1879 and known as the Earl Fife between 1879 and 1889, was a Scottish nobleman and peer who married Princess Louise, the third child and eldest daughter of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra.

Early life

Fife was born Alexander Duff in Edinburgh, the son of James Duff (later 5th Earl Fife) and his wife, Lady Agnes Hay. His father was a grandson of the 3rd Earl Fife and heir presumptive to the 4th Earl Fife. His mother was the second daughter of the 18th Earl of Erroll and his wife, Elizabeth FitzClarence, an illegitimate daughter of King William IV. When his father succeeded as 5th Earl Fife in 1857, Duff acquired the courtesy title of "Viscount Macduff". He attended Eton from 1863 to 1866.

Political and diplomatic career

In 1872, while known as Viscount Macduff, Fife became Lord-Lieutenant of Elginshire in Scotland and continued in the position for thirty years. From 1874 to 1879, he also served as Member of Parliament for Elginshire and Nairnshire, standing as a Liberal. On 7 August 1879, he succeeded his father as 6th Earl Fife in the Peerage of Ireland (and as 2nd Baron Skene in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, thus gaining a seat in the House of Lords. At this time, he also succeeded in a number of Scottish feudal baronies, including MacDuff, which was named for James Duff, 2nd Earl Fife. He served in the Liberal government of William Ewart Gladstone as Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms from May 1880 to January 1881, and served on a special diplomatic mission to invest the King of Saxony with the Order of the Garter in February 1882. He was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 1st Banffshire Artillery Volunteers on 15 March 1884. In 1885, Queen Victoria created him "Earl of Fife" in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. He took part in the founding of the Chartered Company of South Africa and served as one of its vice presidents until the Jameson Raid of 1896. He was Lord Lieutenant of the County of London from February 1900 until his death in 1912.

Marriage

Commemorating the wedding of Princess Louise of Wales and the then-Earl of Fife, from an 1889 issue of Pen and Pencil, an illustrated weekly newspaper

On Saturday 27 July 1889, Lord Fife married Princess Louise, the eldest daughter of the then-Prince and Princess of Wales, at the Private Chapel at Buckingham Palace. The couple were third cousins in descent from George III. The wedding marked the second time a descendant of Queen Victoria married a British subject (the first being the marriage of Princess Louise, the Queen's fourth daughter, to the Duke of Argyll). On the day of the wedding, the Queen elevated Lord Fife to the further dignity of Duke of Fife and Marquess of Macduff, in the County of Banff, in the peerage of the United Kingdom.

The marriage of the Duke of Fife and Princess Louise produced three children:

• Alastair Duff (who would have been styled Marquess of Macduff, stillborn 16 June 1890);
• Lady Alexandra Duff (later styled H.H. Princess Alexandra, 17 May 1891 – 26 February 1959) married her first cousin once removed Prince Arthur of Connaught (13 January 1883 – 12 September 1938), and had one son, Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn; and
• Lady Maud Duff (later styled H.H Princess Maud, 3 April 1893 – 14 December 1945) married the 11th Earl of Southesk, and had one son, James Carnegie, 3rd Duke of Fife.

Death and funeral

Braemar, Mar Lodge Estate, St Ninian's Chapel - Grave of the 1st Duke of Fife (1849–1912)

In December 1911, while sailing to Egypt on the SS Delhi, the Duke and his family were shipwrecked off the coast of Morocco. They spent some time in the water before being rescued and then had to walk four miles to find accommodation. Although they all survived, the Duke fell ill with pleurisy, probably contracted as a result of the shipwreck.

He died at Aswan in Egypt on 29 January 1912, and his elder daughter, Princess Alexandra, succeeded to the dukedom of 1900, becoming Duchess of Fife and Countess of Macduff. His other titles, including the dukedom created in 1889, all became extinct.

On his death his estate was valued for probate purposes at £1 million, an amount equivalent to £79.7 million in 2022. He held 249,000 acres.

The Duke's body was brought home to Great Britain by sea, in a lead coffin. It rested in the Royal Vault below St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, from 28 February 1912 until 6 August 1912, when it was transferred to Scotland for burial in St Ninian's Chapel at Mar Lodge, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. The Glasgow Herald reported:

FUNERAL AT BRAEMAR. IMPRESSIVE SCENES IN DEESIDE

FROM OUR CORRESPONDENT

ABERDEEN. Thursday. The casket containing the remains of the Duke of Fife was yesterday deposited in the vault specially constructed for its reception within the private chapel at New Mar Lodge, Braemar, his Grace's Highland residence. The date of the removal of the remains from Windsor to their last resting place was kept strictly private until two or three days ago, it being the express wish of the Princess Royal that the interment should be carried out without any public display whatever. The casket arrived at Aberdeen from Euston at 7.15 yesterday morning, being conveyed in a special saloon which at Aberdeen was attached to the 8.5 a.m. train for Ballater. Heavy rain showers had fallen on Deeside in the early morning, and when the train reached Ballater shortly after ten o'clock the atmosphere was depressingly gloomy, while the distant hills to the West were thickly enveloped in mist, adding a further melancholy note to the circumstances attending the sad home-bringing of the departed Chief of the Duffs. Travelling in the special saloon from London to Ballater were Sir Maurice Abbot Anderson and Lady Anderson and Dr Essery, while awaiting the arrival of the train at Ballater were Mr W[illia]m Mackintosh, factor and commissioner on the Mar estates; Mr C. H. Taylor, private secretary to the late Duke; and eight members of the Duff Highlanders, specially selected to transfer the casket from the train to a motor hearse which was in waiting to convey the remains over the 18 odd miles to New Mar Lodge. Many hundreds of residents and visitors to the district had assembled in the Station Square and reverently observed the Highlanders transfer the massive polished oak coffin from the saloon to the hearse. Over the casket was laid a Union Jack, which was the only touch of colour associated with the sombre vehicle.

THE ROUTE TO BRAEMAR.

The cortege covered the route to Braemar at the slow speed of about 12 miles an hour, and along the way there were obvious manifestations of respect shown, for the passing of one who had been a notable personality on Upper Deeside for so many years. Groups of residents waited by the roadside for the cortege to pass, and flags were flying at half-mast from many of the stately country mansions, notably at Old Mar Lodge, which is occupied by the Princess Dolgorouki, where the Russian flag was hanging at half-mast. In the village of Castleton of Braemar there were general signs of mourning. Business was suspended, flags were flying at half-mast, and the general atmosphere of solemnity which pervaded the scene indicated at once the feeling of respect which all classes entertained for the departed nobleman and his bereaved Royal Duchess, who is extremely popular throughout the whole of the Deeside Highlands. The cortege passed through Castleton of Braemar at a smarter pace, the intervening two miles to the Victoria Bridge which spans the Dee at the entrance to the private policies of New Mar Lodge being covered in a few minutes. Awaiting its arrival at the bridge was a large crowd of visitors and others, but from this point absolute privacy was observed so far as the closing scenes of the day's proceedings were concerned. The motor hearse with attendant motor cars passed quickly over the bridge, drawing up on the avenue behind a fringe of stately trees on the north side of the river. In waiting here was a contingent of the Duff Highlanders under command of Mr William Mackintosh, these being joined by special invitation by a representative body of the Balmoral Highlanders under command of Mr John Michie, M.V.O., the King's factor at Balmoral. The casket was here removed from the hearse to a bier, and in a few minutes the wail of the bagpipes in the Mackintosh's Lament, which was the favourite pibroch of the late Duke, was the melancholy announcement to the hundreds of people who lined the southern bank of the Dee that the final portion of the sad journey had begun.

THE CORTEGE.

Marching at the head of the cortege was a detachment of the Duff Highlanders, next came the pipe band, led by Mr Colin Cameron, for many years piper to the late Duke, and the bier followed, pulled by Duff Highlanders, its Union Jack mantle of red, white, and blue imparting a distinctive touch of colour in the midst of the tartan. Following the bier were the remainder of the Duff Highlanders, while the Balmoral Highlanders brought up the rear, all in full Highland mourning. Very slowly the cortege moved along the avenue. It was only a glimpse that the stranger could get of the spectacle, but it was nevertheless picturesque. By this time the mist had lifted from distant Lochnagar, the sun was venturing to peep through the prevailing masses of dark watery clouds, there was not a breath of wind to move a leaf, and the gradually receding strains of the pibroch as the cortege disappeared among the trees punctuated a scene of stately solemnity. At the private chapel the cortege was joined by the Princess Royal, the Duchess of Fife, and the Princess Maud, who have been in residence at New Mar Lodge for some time; Lord Farquhar, and several others who had been specially invited to be present. A short service was conducted by Canon Denham of Rochester Cathedral and the Rev. Garden L. Duff, St Congan's, Turriff, private chaplains to the late Duke. The casket was afterwards deposited in the vault by the eight Duff Highlanders selected for this special duty. The service was of a strictly private nature, those present consisting only of members of the household and a very few people in the locality. The vault within the chapel, which was specially constructed for the interment, is built of polished red granite, and before it was sealed up yesterday afternoon the inhabitants of the district, including the estate servants and their families, were invited to view the casket, and a very large crowd availed themselves of the privilege.

— Glasgow Herald, 9 August 1912, p. 8, (online)

Honours

Coat of Arms of Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife

Fife Arms Hotel, Braemar: Arms of the Duke and Duchess of Fife

The Duke of Fife received a new patent as Duke of Fife and Earl of Macduff in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in April 1900, with special remainder to his daughters by Princess Louise and their heirs male. The result was that he held two dukedoms of Fife; the 1889 creation (with the subsidiary Marquessate of Macduff) would become extinct in the absence of a son and the 1900 creation (with the subsidiary Earldom of Macduff) would devolve upon his elder daughter in the absence of a son. In November 1905, his father-in-law, now King Edward VII, bestowed the title Princess Royal on the Duchess of Fife and declared that Lady Alexandra Duff and Lady Maud Duff should henceforth hold the title of Princess of Great Britain and Ireland with the style Highness.

Queen Victoria created the future Duke of Fife a Knight of the Thistle; George V created him an Extra Knight of the Garter. He was also sworn a Privy Counsellor in 1880. At the coronation of his father-in-law, King Edward VII, in August 1902, and again at his brother-in-law King George V's coronation in June 1911, the Duke of Fife acted as Lord High Constable. In addition to his London residence, 15 Portman Square, the Duke owned two estates in Scotland: Mar Lodge, Aberdeenshire, and Mountcoffer House, Banff.

Orders and decorations

• United Kingdom:
  • Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle (KT), 24 March 1881
  • Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO), 2 February 1901
  • Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain, 11 August 1902
  • Recipient of the Decoration for Officers of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (VD), 1904
  • Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (KG), 19 June 1911
• Norway: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of Saint Olav, with Collar, 13 November 1906
• Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the House Order of the Rue Crown, 1882

Ancestry

Ancestors of Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife
8. Alexander Duff, 3rd Earl Fife 4. Sir Alexander Duff 9. Mary Skene 2. James Duff, 5th Earl Fife 10. James Stein of Kilbogie 5. Anne Stein 11. Catherine Buchanan 1. Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife 12. William Hay, 17th Earl of Erroll 6. William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll 13. Alicia Eliot 3. Lady Agnes Hay 14. William IV of the United Kingdom 7. Elizabeth FitzClarence 15. Dorothea Bland

External links

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Duke of Fife
• Glasgow Herald, 9 August 1912, p. 8 (online)
• Portraits of Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife at the National Portrait Gallery, London