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ISIS

[edit]

Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)

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Main article: ISIS

The group is referred to by a variety of names, which are sometimes defined differently but often used interchangeably.[1] Israeli sources usually refer to them as ISIS.[2][3][4][5] Western sources often call them ISIL or "Islamic State" (the name the group use for themselves).[1] In the Arabic-speaking world they are called Daesh (Arabic:داعش), which is also used by some Kurdish speakers, the language of the Yazidis. Hamas – like other Arab and Islamic governments – usually refer to them derisively as followers of a "deviant ideology".[6]

state

[edit]

ISIS refer to themselves as state but they are recognised as such by no other states. At the peak of their power the so-called Islamic State controlled territory containing 9 million people, and 50,000 Twitter accounts that they used to recruit new members worldwide.[7] They are sometimes described as a "cult".[7]

provinces

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ISIS and their descendant "provinces" violently attacked anyone and anything that did not fit this, including many Sunni Muslims,[7] but they particularly focused on local minorities: Shia Muslims, Christians, Yazidis, and cultural heritage sites.[8][9][10][better source needed]

Yazidi genocide

[edit]

ISIS violently persecuted Shia Muslims and several groups that other Muslims usually respect as people of the book. Most Muslims include Christians and Jews as people of the book. Some interpretations also include Zoroastrianism.[11][12][13] Yazidis practice Yazidism, a monotheistic religion with roots in pre-Zoroastrian Iranic faith.[14][15][16][17][18]

ISIS committed genocide against the Yazidis. The Yazidi genocide has been recognized by the United Nations.[19] ISIS militants killed of up to 10,000 Yazidis. The violence also displaced over 400,000 Yazidis.[verification needed][19] More than 6,000 Yazid women and children were sold as chattel slaves by ISIS.[19] In various Yazidi villages, men and boys over 14 were separated from women and girls, with the men being executed and the women abducted as "spoils of war". Older women were also killed.[20] Some escaped Yazidi girls and women later reported being sold or given as "gifts" into sexual slavery to ISIS members.[21]

The Yazidi women who returned were quickly accepted by their communities, who knew that they had not gone willingly.[22][23] Some Yazidi communities developed purification rituals for returned women.[20] But the Yazidi community did not accept children who were born from genocidal rapes committed by ISIS fighters.[22][23] Despite often being the victims of ISIS, widows and children of ISIS fighters faced difficulty seeking asylum, even if they were already citizens of other countries.[24][25][26] Some of them were recruited as minors,[27] or coerced by parents or husbands.[28] Countries were reluctant to repatriate parents (usually widowed mothers) with ambiguous loyalty to ISIS, and as a result young children were stranded in detention camps in Syria for many years.[26][24]

Accusations about Hamas and ISIS

[edit]

"Hamas is ISIS" was first asserted by Benjamin Netanyahu near the end of the 2014 Gaza War.[3] The comparison was criticized and mocked by some Israeli journalists.[4][3] Neyanyahu followed this by saying, “Hamas is ISIS and ISIS is Hamas”, in a 2014 speech at the United Nations.[29] Since the 2014 Gaza War, comparisons to ISIS became Netanyahu’s primary strategy for de-legitimizing Hamas.[2]

Egypt accused Hamas of assisting ISIS in the Sinai, but in public the two groups had a violently hostile relationship (see below).[30][31]

Israeli Major General Yoav “Polly” Mordechai accused Gaza of helping ISIS by providing medical care to people wounded in the Sinai conflict.[2] Medical ethics and international law supports providing treatment for all wounded, including irregular combatants.[32]

In 2016, the Head of the Department of Political Science at Hebron University,[33] said it was "dangerous" to conflate Hamas and ISIS.[29]

In the first days of the Israeli attack on the Gaza Strip in 2023, The Jerusalem Post quoted Benjamin Netanyahu saying, “They are savages. Hamas is ISIS”, the article then highlighted some alleged similarities in the groups' influences identified by Dr. Harel Chorev (from the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Tel Aviv University).[5] Chorev compared ISIS's Yazidi slaves to the hostages Hamas and their allies took,[5] and wanted to exchange for as many Palestinian prisoners of war as possible,[34][35] while keeping some hostages to use as human shields to deter Israeli strikes on Hamas leaders.[36]

But international military experts,[37] and mainstream international media,[38] pointed out major differences, particularly relating to nationalism, Shia Islam, Christianity, democracy, and destruction of cultural heritage.[37] ISIS want a purely theocratic system of government without any element of democracy, and ISIS violently attack Christians, whereas Hamas participated in the 2006 Palestinian legislative election and the Hamas-led electoral list that won the election included a Palestinian Christian running for the Christian reserved seat in Gaza City.[39][40]

Talal Abu Zarifa, a leader from the DFLP, a secular faction allied to Hamas, said Israel was using the comparison to "justify its annihilation of Palestinian people and bloodshed".[41]

Hamas–ISIS conflict

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See also: Sinai insurgency § In the Gaza Strip, and Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip

Hamas have a history of violently suppressing Islamic extremists in the Gaza Strip. They have particularly clashed with supporters of Al-Qaeda and ISIS, and groups who conducted attacks against Palestinian Christians or other targets in the Gaza Strip.[42] In 2009, Hamas security forces eliminated a small group of Al-Qaeda sympathisers who established the Islamic Emirate of Rafah.[43][44][45][46][47][48][49]

ISIS arose in the rubble of the 2003 United States-led invasion of Iraq and the Syrian civil war (2011, ongoing), then later spread to the Sinai Peninsula and elsewhere.[50] Hamas in Gaza clashed directly with the Sinai Province, but Hamas were also connected to groups on multiple sides of the conflict with ISIS in Syria.

ISIS first discreetly issued threats to Hamas in 2015, in the same video message they also threatened Hamas' two rivals Israel and Fatah.[51][better source needed]

Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip

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In 2015 Hamas began a propaganda campaign to combat extremist ideologies in the Gaza Strip, At the time they denied it was targeted at ISIS or any other specific group.[52] Mosques in the strip preached to promote a "centrist ideology".[52]

In 2017, an ISIS suicide bomber at Rafah Border Crossing killed a Hamas government border guard (Nidal al-Jaafari, 28) and injured serval others.[30][53] Before anyone had claimed responsibility, Hamas described the bomber as an outlaw and “a person of deviant ideology”, Hamas' terminology for Islamic extremists.[53] Other factions also condemned the bomber.[54]

Hamas arrested dozens of Salafi militants in the Gaza Strip.[31]

In early January 2018, Palestinians from the Gaza Strip who had joined ISIS Sinai Province, captured and killed a man who they claimed was connected to the Qassam Brigades.[55] The killers made a video of the murder and released it as a "declaration of war" against Hamas.[56][31] The speaker in the video is referred to as Abu Kazem al-Maqdisi.[31]

By 2023 the Egyptian branch of ISIS appeared to be completely dormant.[50]

Palestinians in the Syrian civil war

[edit]

In 2012 Hamas publicly turned against the Assad government and endorsed the Syrian opposition who were attempting to overthrow him.[57] In a speech in Cairo, when Ismail Haniyeh was visiting from the Gaza Strip, he said, "I salute all the nations of the Arab Spring and I salute the heroic people of Syria who are striving for freedom, democracy, and reform".[57] Government and opposition forces later both fought against ISIS in a multi sided conflict.[58][better source needed] This also put Hamas on a different side of the conflict to Iran, who Netanyahu also claims resemble to ISIS.[59][2]

The Syrian civil war and insurgency included Aknaf Bait al-Maqdis (Arabic: أكناف بيت المقدس "The environs of Jerusalem", Full name: كتائب أكناف بيت المقدس على أرض الشام "Aknaf Beit al-Maqdis Brigades on the Land of the Levant"),[60][61] a Palestinian militant group in the Yarmouk Camp in Damascus,[60] with ambiguous connections to Hamas.[62] The group fought against ISIS and against Assad government forces in the Yarmouk Camp.[60] Some sources say Hamas deny being connected to the group.[63]

Violence in Yarmouk Camp first erupted in 2012.[64] In 2015, ISIS attacked the Palestinian refugee camp at Yarmouk on the outskirts of Damascus.[64] ISIS attacked Yarmouk again in 2018.[65] Some PLO factions were involved in the fighting.[65] The al-Qaeda splinter group Tahrir al-Sham was involved.[66][67][68] As of 2021, 160,000 were still displaced.[69][70]

The violence in the Yarmouk camp made the Assad government very unpopular in Palestine.[71][72][73][better source needed]

  1. ^ a b "ISIS, ISIL, Islamic State? A terminology primer". Brookings. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d Omer-Man, Michael Schaeffer (2015-07-05). "Why is Israel concocting ties between Hamas and ISIS?". +972 Magazine. Retrieved 2024-10-13.
  3. ^ a b c Larry Derfner (24 August 2014). "No, Hamas isn't ISIS, ISIS isn't Hamas". +972 Magazine. Retrieved 9 October 2024. … if anybody accuses me of defending Hamas in what I'm about to write, I accuse them in turn of supporting the war in Gaza because they enjoy seeing Palestinian children killed. One claim is as fair as the other.
  4. ^ a b Reider, Dimi (2014-08-21). "Netanyahu tweets Foley execution shot to score points against Hamas". +972 Magazine. Retrieved 2024-10-13.
  5. ^ a b c "'Hamas is ISIS': Here's how we know". The Jerusalem Post. 2023-10-10. Retrieved 2024-10-13.
  6. ^ "Hamas arrests suspected militant leader in Gaza". 7 October 2017.
  7. ^ a b c Dr Firoz Osman (14 July 2016). "Islamic State or deviant cult?". Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  8. ^ Khalid al-Taie (13 February 2015). "Iraq churches, mosques under ISIS attack". mawtani.al-shorfa.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015.
  9. ^ Romey, Kristin (2 July 2015). "ISIS Destruction of Ancient Sites Hits Mostly Muslim Targets". National Geographic. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on July 8, 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  10. ^ "Don't Be Surprised by ISIS Destroying History". Tony Blair Faith Foundation. Archived from the original on 2016-08-03. Retrieved 2015-09-01.
  11. ^ Darrow 2003
  12. ^ Nasr et al. 2015, p. 834
  13. ^ (verse 22:17)
  14. ^ Turgut, Lokman. Ancient rites and old religions in Kurdistan. OCLC 879288867.
  15. ^ Kaczorowski, Karol (2014). "Yezidism and Proto-Indo-Iranian Religion". Fritillaria Kurdica. Bulletin of Kurdish Studies.
  16. ^ Omarkhali, Khanna (2011). The status and role of the Yezidi legends and myths: to the question of comparative analysis of Yezidism, Yārisān (Ahl-e Haqq) and Zoroastrianism: a common substratum?. OCLC 999248462.
  17. ^ Kreyenbroek 1995.
  18. ^ Bozarslan, Hamit; Gunes, Cengiz; Yadirgi, Veli, eds. (2021-04-22). The Cambridge History of the Kurds (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108623711. ISBN 978-1-108-62371-1. S2CID 243594800.
  19. ^ a b c Livni, Ephrat (2024-10-03). "Yazidi Woman Taken Captive by ISIS Has Been Rescued in Gaza, Israel Says". The New York Times. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  20. ^ a b Graham-Harrison, Emma (2017-07-01). "'I was sold seven times': the Yazidi women welcomed back into the faith". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-10-13.
  21. ^ "Yazidi woman rescued from Gaza after decade in captivity". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  22. ^ a b Dana Taib Menmy. "'We do not accept those children': Yazidis forbid ISIL offspring". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2024-10-13.
  23. ^ a b "Yazidis to accept ISIL rape survivors, but not their children". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-10-13.
  24. ^ a b https://www.npr.org/2024/05/07/1249463072/after-years-in-a-syrian-camp-a-ten-person-american-family-is-back-in-the-u-s
  25. ^ "After years in a Syrian ISIS camp, a 10-person American family is back in the U.S." NPR. 7 May 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  26. ^ a b Koutsoukis, Jason (2024-05-18). "Exclusive: Repatriation of ISIS brides shelved". The Saturday Paper. Retrieved 2024-10-13.
  27. ^ https://www.timesofisrael.com/isis-bride-stuck-in-syria-refugee-camp-loses-appeal-over-removal-of-uk-citizenship/
  28. ^ "Government Fails to Bring Australians from Syrian Camps Home | Human Rights Watch". 10 May 2023.
  29. ^ a b "Why It's Dangerous to Conflate Hamas and Daesh". 22 February 2016.
  30. ^ a b https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-guard-killed-in-suicide-bombing-at-gaza-border/
  31. ^ a b c d "Islamic State in Sinai declares war on Hamas in gruesome execution video". The Times of Israel. 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 2024-10-09. Retrieved 2024-10-09.
  32. ^ Davis, Michael (2009-10-13). "Terrorists are Just Patients". The American Journal of Bioethics. 9 (10): 56–57. doi:10.1080/15265160903167138. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 19998092. There is nothing in the Convention that forbids governments from so treating them. One advantage of so treating terrorists is being able to hold them until the end of hostilities.
  33. ^ "Belal Shobaki".
  34. ^ https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/barak-must-seek-all-for-all-deal-hostages-were-abandoned-by-israel-on-oct-7-mustnt-be-sacrificed-now/
  35. ^ https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-28/ty-article/.premium/hostages-families-tell-netanyahu-releasing-palestinian-prisoners-is-only-option/0000018b-77b0-d1da-a1bb-7fb80e600000
  36. ^ "Reminder: The Hostages (or: Why an 'All for All' Deal Doesn't Help Them)". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 2024-10-13.
  37. ^ a b "MES Insights, vol. 14, no. 6".
  38. ^ https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/11/21/hamas-isis-are-not-the-same-00128107
  39. ^ "Christian candidate on Hamas ticket".
  40. ^ "Hamas boosts image by backing Christian candidate". 24 January 2006.
  41. ^ "Israel likens Hamas to Daesh/ISIS to justify its crimes: Left-wing Palestinian leader". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2024-10-13.
  42. ^ "Salafi-Jihadi Activism in Gaza". 3 May 2010.
  43. ^ "Profile: Jund Ansar Allah". 15 August 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  44. ^ "Hamas and al Qaeda-linked group clash in Gaza". www.longwarjournal.org. 14 August 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  45. ^ "FACTBOX: Five facts about Jund Ansar Allah". Reuters. 15 August 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  46. ^ "Al Qaeda-linked group declares Islamic state in Gaza – The Long War Journal". longwarjournal.org. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  47. ^ Marshall, Warren (30 November 2010). "Al-Qaeda in Gaza: Isolating "the Base"". Contemporary Voices: St Andrews Journal of International Relations. 1 (1). doi:10.15664/jtr.167 (inactive 14 October 2024). hdl:10023/5610. ISSN 2516-3159.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of October 2024 (link)
  48. ^ "All 24 victims of Friday". Ma'an News Agency. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  49. ^ Beaumont, Peter (15 August 2009). "Hamas destroys al-Qaida group in violent Gaza battle". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  50. ^ a b "BBC Monitoring – Essential Media Insight". monitoring.bbc.co.uk BBC Monitoring. Retrieved 2024-10-13.
  51. ^ "DAIŞê gef li Hemasê jî xwar". RÛDAW (Latin Kurdish) (in Latin Kurdish). Iraq: www.rudaw.net. 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2024. Ew çekdarê DAIŞê dibêje, divê dewleta cihûyan (Îsraîl) û Hemas û Feth bizanin ku emê koka wan biqelînin û wan tine bikin. Sebeba wê yekê ku DAIŞ gefê li Hemasê dixwe, ew e ku qaşo Hemas nikare li Filistînê bi taybet li Xeze û kampa Yermûkê (kampa penaberên filistînî li Sûriyê) pîvanên îslamê bicîh bîne. Ev cara yekemîn e ku DAIŞê wiha Hemasê tehdîd dike.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  52. ^ a b "Hamas launches a campaign to combat 'extremist ideology,' says official". The Jerusalem Post. 2015-04-12. Retrieved 2024-10-13.
  53. ^ a b "Hamas guard killed in rare suicide attack in Gaza Strip". Arab News. 18 August 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  54. ^ "Factions condemn Rafah bombing, describing it as "terrorist"". 17 August 2017. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2024. Al-Qassam said in a brief statement at dawn on Thursday: "The martyr Al-Jaafari was one of the officers of the Border Guards Force and was martyred after one of the elements of the deviant ideology blew himself up in the security force on the Palestinian-Egyptian border".
  55. ^ "ISIS in Sinai executes a member and threatens Hamas" [تنظيم الدولة بسيناء يعدم عضوا ويهدد حماس]. Al Jazeera Arabic. 5 January 2018.
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  62. ^ Moayad Bajis (3 October 2015). "Confessions about Hamas' support for the Syrian revolution on a regime-affiliated channel" ["اعترافات" عن دعم حماس لثورة سوريا على قناة تابعة للنظام]. Arabi21 (in Arabic). Retrieved 11 October 2024.
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  69. ^ "'Afraid of return': Palestinians fearful of life in Yarmouk camp".
  70. ^ "Israel-Hamas war: Gaza's Yarmouk stadium, the sports arena turned detention center". 9 August 2024.
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