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Foreign relations of Togo

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Although Togo's foreign policy is nonaligned, it has strong historical and cultural ties with western Europe, especially France and Germany. Togo is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, exchanging high commissioners with other Commonwealth countries. It recognizes the People's Republic of China, North Korea, and Cuba, and re-established relations with Israel in 1987.

Togo pursues an active foreign policy and participates in many international organizations. It is particularly active in West African regional affairs and in the African Union. Relations between Togo and neighboring states are generally good.

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Togo maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  France 27 April 1960[1]
2  Germany 27 April 1960[2]
3  United Kingdom 27 April 1960[3]
4  United States 27 April 1960[4]
5  Russia 1 May 1960[5]
6   Switzerland 19 July 1960[6]
7  Liberia 29 July 1960[7]
8  Israel 8 September 1960[8]
9  Egypt 20 September 1960[9]
10  Serbia 7 November 1960[10]
11  Czech Republic 2 December 1960[11]
12  Japan 4 April 1961[12]
13  Guinea 7 September 1961[13]
14  Netherlands 5 October 1961[14]
15  Belgium 1961[15][16]
16  Italy 1961[17]
17  Canada 7 June 1962[18]
18  Lebanon 7 June 1962[19]
19  India 31 August 1962[20]
20  Brazil 26 October 1962[21]
21  Niger 26 October 1962[22]
22  Turkey 6 December 1962[23]
23  Poland 26 December 1962[24]
24  Nigeria 1962[25]
25  Ghana 21 January 1963[26]
26  South Korea 26 July 1963[27]
27  Pakistan 8 May 1964[28]
28  Spain 22 October 1965[29]
29  Tunisia 1965[30]
30  Denmark 21 June 1968[31]
31  Gabon 21 June 1968[31]
32  Mali 1969[32]
33  Hungary 22 June 1970[33]
34  Democratic Republic of the Congo 13 July 1970[34]
35  Austria 1970[35]
36  Romania 12 January 1971[36]
37  Norway 10 January 1972[37]
38  Luxembourg 7 March 1972[38]
39  China 19 September 1972[39]
40  Zambia 5 January 1973[40]
41  North Korea 31 January 1973[41]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 5 September 1973[42]
42  Libya 3 November 1973[43]
43  Argentina 12 June 1974[44]
44  Bulgaria 19 July 1974[45]
45  Vietnam 8 February 1975[46]
46  Mexico 25 October 1975[47]
47  Somalia 21 November 1975[48]
48  Senegal 1 June 1976[49]
49  Gambia 10 May 1977[50]
50  Albania 25 June 1977[51]
51  Sweden 15 March 1978[52]
52  Portugal 17 March 1978[53]
53  Cuba 18 January 1979[54]
54  Costa Rica 11 June 1979[55]
55  Greece 1979[56]
56  Ecuador 11 February 1980[57]
57  Zimbabwe 16 June 1980[58]
—  Holy See 21 April 1981[59]
58  Burkina Faso 18 August 1981[60]
59  Sudan 8 July 1982[61]
60  Ethiopia 11 December 1982[62]
61  Benin 5 September 1983[63]
62  Suriname 8 November 1983[64]
63  Republic of the Congo 6 August 1984[65]
64  Tanzania 27 December 1984[66]
65  Kenya 9 April 1985[67]
66  Chad 10 April 1985[68]
—  State of Palestine 1985[69]
67  Thailand 7 May 1986[70]
68  Vanuatu 21 January 1987[71]
69  Afghanistan 1987[72]
70  Angola 27 September 1988[73]
71  Colombia 29 September 1988[74]
72  Venezuela 21 December 1990[75]
73  Slovakia 4 January 1997[76]
74  South Africa 13 January 1997[77]
75  Qatar 16 May 1997[78]
76  Iran January 1998[79]
77  North Macedonia 14 April 1998[80]
78  Slovenia 31 July 1998[81]
79  Ukraine 1 September 1999[82]
80  Philippines 24 August 2000[83]
81  Brunei 3 December 2002[84]
82  Armenia 14 November 2003[85]
83  Iceland 19 November 2004[86]
84  Indonesia 2006[87]
85  Morocco 10 July 2007[88]
86  Uruguay 28 September 2007[89]
87  United Arab Emirates 6 December 2007[90]
88  Saudi Arabia 26 December 2007[91]
89  Malta 16 May 2008[92]
90  Malaysia 20 August 2008[93]
91  Australia 22 July 2009[94]
92  Finland 12 May 2010[95]
93  Cambodia 6 August 2010[96]
94  Belarus 28 September 2010[97]
95  Kuwait 6 October 2010[98]
96  Namibia 24 November 2010[99]
97  Azerbaijan 28 December 2010[100]
98  Fiji 31 May 2011[101]
99  Singapore 15 June 2012[102]
100  Montenegro 21 December 2012[103]
101  Mongolia 6 September 2013[104]
102  Georgia 27 May 2014[105]
103  Lithuania 22 September 2014[106]
104  Estonia 23 September 2014[107]
105  Latvia 23 September 2014[108]
106  Turkmenistan 25 September 2014[109]
107  Kazakhstan 9 October 2014[110]
108  Seychelles 3 March 2015[111]
109  El Salvador 20 March 2015[112]
110  Madagascar 25 March 2015[113]
111  Cyprus 24 September 2015[114]
112  Sri Lanka 27 September 2015[115]
113  Chile 30 September 2015[116]
114  Kyrgyzstan 30 September 2015[116]
115  Monaco 9 February 2016[117]
116  Djibouti 14 February 2016[118]
117  Tajikistan 2 March 2016[119]
118  Botswana 7 October 2016[120]
119  Equatorial Guinea 7 October 2016[120]
120  Rwanda 17 January 2017[121]
121  Mauritius 22 February 2017[122]
122  Oman 5 June 2017[123]
123  Andorra 21 November 2017[124]
124  Peru 18 December 2017[125]
125  Saint Kitts and Nevis 25 September 2018[126]
126  San Marino 28 February 2019[127]
127  Ireland 1 March 2019[127]
128    Nepal 22 March 2019[128]
129  Panama 26 March 2019[129]
130  Myanmar 31 July 2019[130]
131  Nicaragua 23 October 2019[131]
132  Bosnia and Herzegovina 24 October 2019[132]
133  Jamaica 23 November 2021[133]
134  Dominican Republic 20 September 2022[134]
135  Bahrain 21 September 2022[135]
136  Maldives 3 May 2023[136]
137  Croatia 18 September 2023[137]
138  Bolivia 20 September 2023[138]
139  Guatemala 22 September 2023[139]
140  Uzbekistan 26 September 2024[140]
141  Bahamas 24 October 2024[141]
142  Algeria Unknown
143  Cameroon Unknown
144  Ivory Coast Unknown
145  Sierra Leone Unknown
146  Uganda Unknown

Bilateral relations

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Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Angola 27 September 1988 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1988 when M. Brito Sozinho , Angola's Ambassador to Nigeria, presented his credentials to the Togolese Head of State, General Gnassingbe Eyadema.[73]
 Belgium 1961
  • Belgium is accredited to Togo from its embassy in Cotonou, Benin.
  • Togo has an embassy in Brussels.
 Benin 5 September 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 1983 when Ambassador of Benin to Togo (resident in accra) Mr. Lucien Tonoukoin presented his credentials to Head of State General Eyadema.[63]
 Brazil 26 October 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 October 1962[21]
 Canada 7 June 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 June 1962[18]
  • Canada has a high commission in Lomé.
  • Togo has a high commission in Ottawa.
 Chad 10 April 1985 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 April 1985 when Ambassador of Chad Mr. Youssouf Nboudou Mbami presented his credentials to President of Togo.[68]
 China 19 September 1972 See China–Togo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 September 1972[39]

  • China has an embassy in Lomé.
  • Togo has an embassy in Beijing.
 Democratic Republic of Congo 14 July 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 July 1970 when Congo-Kinshasa's first Ambassador to Togo, Mr. Kondo Belan, presented his credentials to Head of State Etienne Eyadema.[142]
 Republic of the Congo 6 August 1984 The two countries maintain diplomatic relations and President of Togo Faure Gnassingbé visited the Republic of the Congo in November 2023 meeting Congolese President Denis Sassou Nguesso.[143]
 Cyprus 24 September 2015

Cyprus is accredited to Togo from its high commission in Paris, France.[144]

 Denmark 21 June 1968 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 June 1968 when Mrs. Johanne Wright , ambassador of Denmark to Ivory Coast and to Togo , presented his letters of credence to Togo.[31]
 Ethiopia 11 December 1982 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 December 1982 when Ambassador of Ethiopia (resident in Accra) Mr. Kasate Berham Babina presented letters of credence to President of Togo Gnassingbe Eyadema.[62]
 France 27 April 1960 See France–Togo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1960[1]

  • France has an embassy in Lomé.
  • Togo has an embassy in Paris.
 Gabon 21 June 1968 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 June 1968 when Ambassador of Gabon to Togo (resident in Abidjan) Mr. Abdoulaye M'Bingt presented his credentials.[31]
  • Gabon has a high commission in Lomé.
  • Togo has a high commission in Libreville.
 Germany 27 April 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1960[2]

See Germany–Togo relations

  • Germany has an embassy in Lomé.
  • Togo has an embassy in Berlin.
 Ghana 21 January 1963 See Ghana–Togo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 January 1963.[26]

After 1918, following the defeat of Germany, the League of Nations divided the German colony of Togoland from north to south, a decision that divided the Ewe people among the Gold Coast, British Togoland, and French Togoland. After 1945, the United Nations (UN) took over the Togoland mandates. During the 1950s, when the independence of Ghana was in sight, demands grew for a separate Ewe state, an idea that Kwame Nkrumah, leader of the Gold Coast independence movement, opposed. Following a UN plebiscite in May 1956, in which a majority of the Ewe voted for union with Ghana, British Togoland became part of the Gold Coast.[145][146] After Togolese independence in 1960, relations between Togo and Ghana deteriorated, aggravated by political differences and incidents such as smuggling across their common border. At times, relations have verged on open aggression.[145]

The result of the transfer of Togoland to Ghana has meant that many Togolese keep one foot on either side of the border, living in Ghana by night and working in the markets of the capital, Lomé, by day.[146] Ghana is the only Commonwealth member with which Togo shares a border.

  • Ghana has a high commission in Lomé.
  • Togo has a high commission in Accra.
 India 31 August 1962 See India–Togo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 1962[20]

  • India has a high commission in Lomé.
  • Togo has a high commission in New Delhi.
 Israel 8 September 1960

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 September 1960 when has been accredited first Ambassador of Israel to Togo (resident in Accra) Mr. Moshe Bitan.[8] Togo severed ties with Israel on 21 September 1973.[147] Diplomatic relations were re-established on 9 June 1987.[148]

In August 2017, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu received Togo's President Faure Essozimna Gnassingbe in Jerusalem during his official five-day trip to Israel.[149][150] In December 2017, Togo voted at the UN to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.[150]

 Japan 29 May 1967
  • Japan is accredited to Togo from its embassy in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
  • Togo has an embassy in Tokyo.
 Kenya 9 April 1985 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 April 1985 when Ambassador of Kenya Mr. Kefa Onyoni presented letters of credentials to President of Togo, general Gnassingbe Eyadema.[67]
 Kuwait 6 October 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 2010 when has been opened Embassy of Togo in Kuwait.[98]
  • Kuwait is accredited to Togo from its embassy in Cotonou, Benin.
  • Togo has an embassy in Kuwait City.
 Lebanon 7 June 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 June 1962 when first Ambassador of Lebanon to Togo (resident in Dakar) Mr. Mohammed Ali Hamade presented his credentials.[19]
 Liberia 29 July 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 July 1960 when accredited first Ambassador of Liberia to Togo Mr. John Cox.[7]
 Libya 3 November 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 November 1973.[43]
  • Libya has an embassy in Lomé.
  • Togo had an embassy in Tripoli, which closed in 2015.
 Mexico 25 October 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 October 1975[47]
  • Mexico is accredited to Togo from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Togo is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[151]
 Netherlands 5 October 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1961[14]
  • Netherlands is accredited to Togo from its embassy in Accra, Ghana.
  • Togo is accredited to Togo from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
 Nigeria 1962
  • Nigeria has a high commission in Lomé.
  • Togo has a high commission in Abuja.
 Pakistan 8 May 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 May 1964 when M. Mir Muhammed Shaikh , Pakistan's first Ambassador to Togo , presented his credentials.[28]
 Palestine

During the votes to admit Palestine to UNESCO as a member state in October 2011 and as Non-Member Observer State, in November 2012 Togo abstained from the voting.

 Senegal 1 June 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 1976 when Senegal's first Ambassador to Togo , Mr. Massamba Codou Diouf , presented his credentials to President Eyadéma.[49]
 South Africa 13 January 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 January 1997
  • South Africa is accredited to Togo from its high commission in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
  • Togo has a high commission in Pretoria.
 South Korea 26 July 1963

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 July 1963,[27] but severed 16 September 1974 and re-established on 23 January 1991[152]

 Spain 22 October 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 October 1965[29]
  • Spain is accredited to Togo from its embassy in Accra, Ghana.
  • Togo is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
 Tanzania 27 December 1984 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 December 1984 when Ambassador of Tanzania major general S. H. Sarakikya presented his credentials to President of Togo.[66]
 Turkey 6 December 1962 See Togo–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1962 when accredited first Ambassador of Turkey to Togo (resident in Accra) Mr. Kamran Acet.[23]

  • Turkey has an embassy in Lomé.[153]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was $106 million USD in 2019.[153]
 United Kingdom 27 April 1960 Togo established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 27 April 1960.[3]
  • Togo maintains a high commission in London.
  • The United Kingdom is not accredited to Togo through a high commission; the UK develops relations through its high commission in Accra, Ghana.[154]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[155] the Commonwealth, and the World Trade Organization.

 United States 27 April 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1960[4]

See Togo–United States relations

The United States and Togo have had generally good relations since its independence, although the United States has never been one of Togo's major trading partners. The largest share of U.S. exports to Togo generally has been used clothing and scrap textiles. Other important U.S. exports include rice, wheat, shoes, and tobacco products, and U.S. personal computers and other office electronics are becoming more widely used.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Liste chronologique des ambassadeurs, envoyes extraordinaires, ministres plenipotentiaires et charges d'affaires de France a l'etranger depuis 1945" (PDF). diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). p. 103. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Togo: Überblick". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 4 May 2023.
  3. ^ a b Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office. (1970). The Diplomatic Service List. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 136–149.
  4. ^ a b "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Togo". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
  5. ^ "DiploHistory: 57 years ago Russia and the Togolese Republic established diplomatic relations". MFA Russia. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  6. ^ "No 1631. Nomination de M. René Keller en qualité d'ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire de la Confédération suisse au Ghana, en Guinée, au Libéria et au Togo, avec résidence à Accra; sa promotion au grade de ministre de II classe". dodis.ch (in French). Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  7. ^ a b Togo Handbook (in French). Togo Service de l'information. 1962. p. 66.
  8. ^ a b Togo Handbook. Togo Service de l'information. 1962. p. 66. Ambassade d'Israël S.E.M. Moshe Bitan ... 8 sept. 1960
  9. ^ Yitzhak Oron (1960). Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960 Volume 1. Published for The Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center by George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited. p. 552. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  10. ^ Summary of the Yugoslav Press. Joint Translation Service. 1960. p. 45.
  11. ^ Pavol Petruf. "Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992" (PDF) (in Slovak). p. 105. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  12. ^ "法第11条を適用し、通知した期限までに開示決定等がされなかったもの（資料４）" (PDF) (in Japanese). p. 10. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  13. ^ Europe, France outremer Issues 371-381 (in French). 1960. p. 73. ... M. Léon Maka, ambassadeur de Guinée au Togo , et M. Anvar Marassoulovich Kouchkarov , ambassadeur de l'U.R.S.S . au Togo , ont présenté leurs lettres de créance au président Olympio.
  14. ^ a b Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 99.
  15. ^ Monde colonial illustré Volume 39, Issues 383-392 [TOGO : Belgique : Ambassadeur (résidant à Abidjan) M. Gérard Walravens] (in French). Société nouvelle des Editions France Outremer S.A. 1961. p. 191.
  16. ^ Who's who in Belgium and Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Intercontinental Book & Publishing Company, Limited. 1962. p. 1136. WALRAVENS , Gérard Alfred Jean , Belgian Ambassador to the Ivory Coast , Upper Volta , Togo , Dahomey and Niger ( October 1961 )
  17. ^ Afrique Volumes 1-7 (in French). Société internationale de publications commerciales, culturelles et artistiques. 1961. p. 44. Lomé . M. Renzo Luigi Romanelli , premier ambassadeur d'Italie à Lomé , a remis ses lettres de créance à M. Sylvanus Olympio , président de la république du Togo
  18. ^ a b "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
  19. ^ a b Afrique - Volumes 14-19 (in French). Société internationale de publications commerciales, culturelles et artistiques. 1962. p. 64.
  20. ^ a b Indian Information. 1962. p. 578.
  21. ^ a b "Cria uma Embaixada do Brasil na República do Togo, cumulativa com a Embaixada do Brasil na República de Gana". PORTAL DE LEGISLAÇÃO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  22. ^ Monde colonial illustré Volume 39, Issues 383-392 (in French). Société nouvelle des Editions France Outremer S.A. 1961. p. 73. M. Dia Salifou, délégué permanent du Niger au Dahomey, est également accrédité auprès du Togo
  23. ^ a b "DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI 1967 YILLIĞI" (PDF). diad.mfa.gov.tr (in Turkish). p. 872. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
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  25. ^ Handbook of Commerce and Industry in Nigeria Volume 5. Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Information. 1962. p. 41.
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  28. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin Africa, political, social and cultural series · Volume 1. Africa Research, Limited. 1964. p. 80.
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  31. ^ a b c d Bulletin de l'Afrique noire - Issues 514-526 (in French). La Documentation africaine. 1968.
  32. ^ Europe, France outremer Issues 477-488 (in French). 1969. p. 160. MALI: Nigeria, Ghana, Dahomey, Togo : Ambassadeur (résidant à Lagos) : M. Mohamed Ould Aly
  33. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3343-3419. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1970. p. 9.
  34. ^ Bulletin de l'Afrique noire Issues 606-626 (in French). Ediafric. 1970. M. Théodore - Richard KONDO - BELAN , ambas- sadeur de la République démocratique du Congo en Côte - d'Ivoire , au Niger et au Togo , a présenté ses lettres de créance au Togo le 13 juillet . ( résidence Abidjan )
  35. ^ Internationales Afrika Forum Volumes 6-7 (in German). 1970. p. 83. ... August Tarter, der Österreich in Senegal, Elfenbeinküste, Dahomey, Obervolta, Mauretanien, Niger und Togo vertreten wird, hat seine Beglaubigungsschreiben überreicht.
  36. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Romania. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
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  38. ^ "Bulletin de documentation_1972_2" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 29. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  39. ^ a b "Togo". china.org.cn. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
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  41. ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). ncnk.org. August 2016. p. 4. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
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  43. ^ a b Africa Contemporary Record Annual Survey and Documents · Volume 6. Africana Publishing Company. 1974. p. 63.
  44. ^ "Declaración Conjunta estableciendo Relaciones Diplomáticas y Consulares entre la República Argentina y la República Togolesa". Biblioteca Digital de Tratados Argentina (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  45. ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 10 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
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  47. ^ a b "Hoy conmemoramos el 47 aniversario de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Togo". Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de México (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 May 2023.
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  49. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1976. p. 4051.
  50. ^ Entente africaine - Issues 28-29 (in English and French). Presse africaine associée. 1979. p. 6.
  51. ^ Revue française d'études politiques africaines Issues 133-139 (in French). Société africaine d'édition. 1977. p. 39. TOGO ... 25 - Etablissement de relations diplomatiques avec l'Albanie
  52. ^ "Främmande makters beskickningar". Sveriges statskalender / 1984 / (in Swedish). Retrieved 11 July 2023.
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  54. ^ "Mediante Comunicado Conjunto de 18/01/1979, atesorado en los fondos documentales de las Repúblicas de Cuba y Togo establecieron relaciones diplomáticas". CG Documental MINREX (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 May 2023.
  55. ^ Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens - Volume 35 (in French). 1979. p. 1673.
  56. ^ "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1980. Выпуск двадцать четвертый. Зарубежные страны" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 240. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  57. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1980. p. 7.
  58. ^ Sub-Saharan Africa Report - Issues 2261-2264 - Page 19. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1980.
  59. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See". Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  60. ^ Le mois en Afrique Issues 188-193 (in French). 1981. p. 157. ... mouvement diplomatique en Haute - Volta - OUAGADOUGOU , 18 août . M. Jean - Paul Tibila Bamogho est nommé ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire auprès du Ghana et de la République du Togo avec résidence à Accra .
  61. ^ Le Mois en Afrique Issues 200-202 (in French). 1982. p. 166. Lome, 8 juillet. - Trois nouveaux ambassadeurs au Togo , MM . Farouk Shelbaya , d'Egypte , Al Racheed Ab Shama , du Soudan , et Vasile Chivu Lescu de Roumanie , ont présenté leurs lettres de créances au chef de l'Etat , le général Gnassingbe Eyadema .
  62. ^ a b Le Mois en Afrique - Volume 17, Issues 194-199 (in French). 1982. p. 158.
  63. ^ a b Togo dialogue - Issues 74-88. Imprimerie Editogo. 1983. p. 33.
  64. ^ "Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten" (PDF). gov.sr (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 16, 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  65. ^ Le Mois en Afrique - Volume 19, Issues 215-220 (in French). 1984. p. 171. BRAZZAVILLE, August 6. Two new ambassadors officially took up their functions in Congo by presenting their credentials to Colonel Denis Sassou Nguesso. They are ... Mr. Gniopan (Togo)
  66. ^ a b Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens Issues 1991-2003 (in French). 1984. p. 28.
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