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Graye-sur-Mer

Coordinates: 49°19′48″N 0°28′16″W / 49.33°N 0.4711°W / 49.33; -0.4711
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Graye-sur-Mer
Commune
The church in Graye-sur-Mer
The church in Graye-sur-Mer
Coat of arms of Graye-sur-Mer
Coat of arms
Location of Graye-sur-Mer
Map
Graye-sur-Mer is located in France
Graye-sur-Mer
Graye-sur-Mer
Graye-sur-Mer is located in Normandy
Graye-sur-Mer
Graye-sur-Mer
Coordinates: 49°19′48″N 0°28′16″W / 49.33°N 0.4711°W / 49.33; -0.4711
CountryFrance
RegionNormandy
DepartmentCalvados
ArrondissementBayeux
CantonCourseulles-sur-Mer
IntercommunalitySeulles Terre et Mer
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) Pascal Thiberge[1]
Area
1
6.54 km2 (2.53 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[2]
761
 • Density120/km2 (300/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
14318 /14470
Elevation2–47 m (6.6–154.2 ft)
(avg. 6 m or 20 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Graye-sur-Mer is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region, in northwestern France.[3] It lies 1 km west of Courseulles-sur-Mer, and 18 km east of Bayeux.[4]

The commune probably acquired its name from an old landed estate in its vicinity owned by a knight subordinate to William the Conqueror, Anchetil de Greye.

World War II

[edit]

D-Day: at dawn

[edit]

On D-Day, not garrisoned as a defensible strong point, Graye-sur-Mer, lay in the shadow of fighting at the German Stongpoint: Stützpuntkte (StP) at Courseulles-sur-Mer, and for one more day under the ‘influence' of Ost-Bataillon 441./Infanterie-Division 716.[5] The 7th Canadian Infantry (Assault) Brigade (Group) landing on D-Day, on the Mike and Nan Green beaches, would liberate Graye-sur-Mer, greatly benefiting from the Naval Bombardment Programme, about which the arriving Canadians had complained early in the day. Graye-sur-Mer, liberated early on 06.06.1944, was the object of several notable tactical engagements on D-Day, before the day was concluded.[6] The citizens getting their first taste of something at 06h30 (Paris Time) when naval bombardment began to their west at Ver-Sur-Mer and then took up to their southeast at 06h52 (Paris Time).[7] Not knowing it was the Normandy Landings, the sound of war got closer to the village at 08h45 (Paris Time) when the French Destroyer Escort La Combattante (FNFL) began to shell Hameau Vaux and Hameau de la Valette.[8] The first Canadians to see action in Graye-sur-Mer was 'C' Company, The Canadian Scottish Regiment in ‘destroying' the German Resistance Nest at Breche Le Bisson and ‘capturing' the Château de Vaux.[9] The village was ‘liberated' by 'D' Company, Royal Winnipeg Rifles just after 10 AM (Paris Time, The ‘Little Black Devils' clearing the town, and quickly moving off to Banville.[10]

D-Day Operation Neptune: The Naval Bombardment was set out within a deliberate timetable, to ensure that naval gunfire could eliminate targets inland, threatening the landing beaches. Operation NEPTUNE was the kick-off, toward the liberation of France, it was the amphibious phase of Operation OVERLORD. In the NEPTUNE Plan, the landing of troops and continuing neutralization of enemy batteries was the direct responsibility of Allied Naval and Air Support.[11] As the citizens of Graye-sur-Mer were woken up by the sounds of guns, not far from their homes, its two components could not have been distinguishable.

The 'Counter Battery Fire Support' Programme, delivered by the Royal Navy: (BBF) Bombardment Force ‘E' Juno Beach (x2 targets) and (BBF) Bombardment Force ‘G' Gold Beach (x2 targets), delivered first counter battery fire.

Bombardment Type Timing: BST Vessel / Force Target Details Comments
Counter Battery / Fire Support Area ‘E' 05h27m HMS Belfast (C35) / BBF ‘E' Ver Sur Mer: WN32 Batterie 6./Batn II./1716 AR. / 4x 100 mm leFH 14/19 (t) UK Gold / West of Graye-sur-Mer
Counter Battery / Fire Sp Area ‘G' 05h30m HMS Orion (85) / Force ‘K' La Rivière: Mont Fleury - WN 33 Kompanie 7. / Bataillon II. / Gren.Regt 736. UK Gold / West of Graye-sur-Mer
Counter Battery / Fire Support Area ‘E' 05h52m HMS Diadem (84) / BBF ‘E' Beny-sur-Mer (West) - WN 28a Batterie 7.(Resi) /1716 AR. / x4 100mm le.F.H14/19(t) RAF (Tactical) Bombers: 08h15
Counter Battery / Fire Support Area ‘X' 06h19m HMS Kempenfelt (R03) / Force J2 Ko 3 (Flak). /Pz.Jg.-Abt.716 Six 7.5 cm D.C.A. Mle 1938(f) AA Flak Guns RAF (Tactical) Bombers: 07h55

[12][13]

The Beach Drenching Fire Programme was set out in a rigorous framework to ensure that indirect fire was brought to the right beach, at the right time. For the three 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade beaches, Task Force J - Assault Group J1, was controlled by LSH HMS Lawford (Captain Assault Group J1 - Fire Support Area ‘Y'). HMS Venus (a Hunt Class - Destroyer Escort) was held in Reserve and two Fleet Class – Destroyers, as was planned, were not to fire in support of the 7 CIB Landings. The Commander 7 CIB commenting that "the terrific devastation which was to have been caused by bombing of the coast defense on either side of the River Seulles did not materialize. The only damage visible from the sea was that effected by our self-propelled artillery fire from LCAs."[14]

Bombardment Type H-Hour: 07h45 BST Vessel / Force Vessel Class Target Details
Planned Targets Shore Defences: Covering Fire H-40 to H La Combattante (FNFL) / Fire Support Area ‘Y' Hunt Class - Destroyer Escort on MIKE Green / MIKE Red Remained to H+12: Close Support to Strongpoints / Flanks.
Planned Targets Shore Defences: Covering Fire H-40 to H HMS Stevenstone / Fire Support Area ‘Y' Hunt Class - Destroyer Escort on NAN Green at H+ Close Support Fire to Strongpoints / The Flanks.
Targets on Flank: Planned Targets H-40 to H HMS Venus / Fire Support Area ‘Y' Fleet Class – Destroyer: Four 4.7” guns All of the 7 CIB Landing Sector FOB On-Call - Close Support: Strongpoints / The Flanks.
Targets on Flank: Planned Targets H-40 to H HMS Faulkner / Fire Support Area ‘Y' Fleet Class – Destroyer: Four 4.7” guns Did Not Fire in Support of 7 CIB Ordered to Fire on UK Love from H-40 minutes
Targets on Flank: Planned Targets H-40 to H HMS Fury / Fire Support Area ‘Y' Fleet Class – Destroyer: Four 4.7” guns Did Not Fire in Support of 7 CIB Ordered to Fire on UK Love from H-40 minutes
Covering Fire: DD Tanks (Launching) H-40 to H LCG(L) 831 & LCF (2) Flak / Fire Support Area ‘Y' Landing Craft Gun / with x2 4.7-inch (120mm) Guns Engage beach guns firing from MIKE Red / Mike Green Engage beach defences from H-30 minutes
Covering Fire: DD Tanks (Launching) H-40 to H LCG(L) 1062 & LCG(L) 1007 / Fire Support Area ‘Y' Landing Craft Gun / with x2 4.7-inch (120mm)Guns Engage beach guns firing from NAN Green Engage beach defences from H-30 minutes

[15][16]

D-Day: around noon

[edit]

Widerstandnesten WN 33a Hameau de Vaux (Breche Le Buisson) was located at North 49°20'30.88" / West 00°29'41.37" and in June 1944, for targeting purposes, at: LZ1 vT MR Grid 9449862 (Ref. GSGS 4250 1:50K: Creully Sheet 7E/5). The (WN) - Resistance Nest at the Breche Le Bisson was a small ‘platoon-sized' position, attempting to fill the tactical gap, at the ‘Divisional' Sector boundaries of KVU-Gr. Meuvaines (325 Inf-Div) and KVU-Gr. Seulles (716 Inf-Div). It sat isolated on an open stretch of sand dune, sited between WN31 Couseulles-sur-Mer (CA Juno Sector) and WN33 Ver-sur-Mer (UK Gold Sector). A Type Heer R677 Casement was built for an 8.8 cm Pak 43/41 (no gun installed), a Type Heer H612 Embrasure ‘Open' Casemate (Field Artillery / Anti-Tank Gun), was under construction, it housed a 75-mm FK 16 nA Gun, and an MG Shartenständ - Heavy MG (was under construction) being placed to cover a land approach. WN 33a was manned by Kompanie 1./ Ost-Bataillon 441, their company position, with several small field constructed bunkers, sat located to its rear in Hameau de Vaux (le Buission).[17][18] ‘C' Company, The Canadian Scottish Regiment, had the task of taking WN 33a, and they worked hard to get there. 'C' Company (OC Major D.G. Crofton) landing at 07h50, at MIKE Green, under machine gun and mortar fire, quickly covered 75–100 yards of beach, to the dunes.[19] MIKE was an area of coastal deposition where the dunes had built up until they were between one hundred and two hundred yards deep. On Mike Green, beyond the dunes, the area inland tended to be damp and liable to flood. A series of drainage ditches had been dug to help drain the land.[20] Passing through a tactical minefield, with not much of a fight, WN 33a was easily overcome, their objective knocked-out by earlier naval bombardment. As prior to the Canadian landings, Assault Group J1 - Beach Bombardment Drenching Fire had neutralized the 75-mm gun.[21] Their first objective taken ‘C' Company moved onto the Château de Vaux (Aérium de Graye), accommodating the headquarters of Kompanie 1./ Ost-Batl 441.[22] The Canadian Scottish Regiment (7 CIB Reserve) companies coming ashore, under sporadic mortar fire, the beach exits not yet complete, had to fight through scattered resistance, just beyond the beaches.[23] Their primary opponent the 'volunteered' soldiers of Ost-Bataillon 441.

Ost-Bataillon 441. (Ukrainian) Stab: Southwest of Ver-sur-Mer: At de Mars-Fontaine (KVU-Gr Meuvaines Defence Sector).[24] Headquartered to the west of Graye-sur-Mer, Ost-Bataillon 441. (Ukrainian) had deployed two of its companies well west of la Seulles, focused on Mont Fleury and La Riviere, and two companies astride la Seulles, they focused on Courseulles-sur-Mer. The Canadians engaged these later two companies on D-Day, from the sea and beyond their beaches. Ost-Bataillon 441 (formed on 15.01.1943) transferred into Normandy as Heerestruppen (AOK 7 Reserve) on 19.01.1944. Being sent forward, first to the Bayeux area attached to 352. Infanterie-Div (on 19.03.1944) and then to the Meuvaines area, and attached to 716 Infanterie-Div (on 29.05.1944).[25][26] Arriving ‘late' in the Graye-sur-Mer area, Ost-Bataillon 441., was positioned at a ‘Regimental Boundary' in Infanterie-Division 716, its four companies divided to fight in two different ‘Battalion KVU-Gruppe Defence Sectors'.

  • From MIKE Green, the Canadian Scottish Regiment moving south, bypassed the fight for WN31 Courseulles-sur-Mer (Westen), keeping well west of the Seulles, quickly passed through Kompanie 1./ Ost-Batl 441., at Hameau de Vaux (Le Buisson – Aérium de Graye). Located beyond the poorly drained wet lands behind the beach, it had abandoned its position receiving Beach Drenching Fire from HMS Venus (RN) and La Combattante (FNFL). La Combattante, commanded by Commandant André Patou, was a Hunt (Type III) Escort Destroyer, commissioned on 30.12.1942 (as FNFL), was lost to a sea bottom anchored LMB mine, in the Humber Estuary, on 23.02.1945.[27][28]
  • From NAN Green, shortly delayed by the second fight for WN29 Courseulles-sur-Mer (Osten), bypassing the fight for WN30 Courseulles-sur-Mer (Süden), the Regina Rifles Regiment encountered Kompanie 2. / Ost-Batl 441., positioned south of Courseulles-sur-Mer at Les Rotys (at N 49.313Deg / W 0.455Deg). Blocking their approach, it did not cause much delay, weakened by Beach Drenching Fire from HMS Stevenstone (RN) and HMS Venus (RN), and having 'lost elements' ordered to join Kompanie 8. / II 736., at Les Ruines St Ursin, at La Tomblette.[29]

The second wave companies of The Regina Rifle Regiment (NAN Green), The Royal Winnipeg Rifles (MIKE Red) and The Canadian Scottish (MIKE Green), experiencing different fights, beyond their beaches, expected the 88mm (Flak 16 Aircraft Artillery Gun, with a maximum rate of fire of 15 shells/min) to remain a serious threat throughout the day. An organized line of four anti-tank weapon positions had been set out in their paths, which would not develop the delay planned. The Assault Group J1 - Beach Drenching Fire Programme did such damage that the Canadians quickly moved beyond its Beachhead Objective Line (YEW), with fewer casualties than anticipated.[30]

  • 14. (PaK) Kompanie / Grenadier-Regiment 726. at Hameau de Vaux (le Buisson) is not geo-located in sources (by a French Lambert Conic LZ1 vT MR Grid).[31][32] Retained in the KVU-Gr.Meuvaines Sector, by the Kdr Grenadier-Regiment 726., (having given up three Battalions to Inf.Div. 352.), as found in sources, it was located forward of Bataillon Stab II./726, at Hameau de Vaux, south of WN33a.[33] Sited in fortifications of log crib timber, earth field construction, Assault Group J1 Beach Drenching Fire neutralized the three 'small' anti-tank guns.[34]
    • Zug - 14 (PaK) Ko./726 deployed x2 7.5 cm PaK at le Buisson, to the rear of the left flank of Ko 1./Ost Bn 441. If it had not been destroyed it would have fired on 'C' Company, Canadian Scottish.[35]
    • Zug - 14 (PaK) Ko./726 deployed x1 7.5 cm PaK) at Aérium de Graye, to the rear of the right flank of Ko 1./Ost Bn 441. If it had not been destroyed it would have fired on 'C' Company, Canadian Scottish.[36]
  • Panzerjäger-Abteilung 716./ Kompanie 2. ordered established on 25 Dec 1943, consisted of two platoons each with x3 7.5 cm ATk guns, and one platoon with x2 8.8 cm ATk guns.[37][38] Its three platoons deployed consistent with the Division Commanders direction that "… all available immobile weapons should be built in, should cover the beach and the sea, and should be able to observe these directly; they should therefore be placed in the most advanced line or very close behind it, as was for instance the Second Divisional Anti-Tank Company." (Generalleutnant Richter GOC 716 ID, Narrative: The Battle of 716 Inf Div in Normandy). As he noted, "It can be seen from Appendices "C" and "D" that this anti-tank company (2/716) was deployed in small parcels close to the coast in the Canadian assault sector.[39] It is not geo-located in sources (with a French Lambert Conic LZ1 vT MR Grid). ‘Evidently, it was destroyed (by Beach Drenching Fire.)' [40][41]
    • Züg - Kompanie 2. /Pz.Jg-Abt 716., sited just west of Graye-sur-Mer, in the Hameau de la Valette, it manning x3 7.5 cm Pak 40, in an open field emplacement. If it had not been destroyed it would have fired on 'D' Company, Canadian Scottish.[42][43]
    • Züg - Kompanie 2. /Pz.Jg-Abt 716., sited east of Graye-sur-Mer, southeast of Courseulles-sur-Mer, in an open field emplacement, it manning x3 7.5 cm Pak 40 on Les Champs des Fers (at N49.320 Deg / W 0.434 Deg). If it had not been destroyed it would have fired on 'D' Company, The Regina Rifle Regiment.[44]
    • Züg - Kompanie 2. /Pz.Jg-Abt 716., sited well east of Graye-sur-Mer, southwest of Bernières-sur-Mer: on Les Perruques, in an open field emplacement, it manning x2 8.8 cm Pak 43/41[50].[45][46] Perhaps not destroyed, it would have fired on Le Régiment de la Chaudière, exiting Bernières, as it did 19th Cdn (Army) Field Regiment (hitting x3 SP 105 mm guns ... destroying all three in less than a minute).[47][48]

While surrounded by arriving Canadians, Graye-sur-Mer was not the object of a damaging tactical engagement on D-Day, its ‘liberation' almost uneventful, coming very early in the morning.

  • 'D' Company, Royal Winnipeg Rifles, (OC Major L. Fulton), landing on MIKE Green at 07h49 BST, west of WN 31, quickly moved off the beach and cleared a path through a minefield at Hameau La Vallette. By 09h00 BST, heading for Graye-sur-Mer, the ‘Little Black Devils' cleared the town, and moved off, some sections making good progress to Banville.[49][50]
  • 'D' Company, Canadian Scottish Regiment (OC Major Ewan), from MIKE Red, struck inland at 08h30, taking the route of an open exit, and moved up between Hameau La Valette and Graye-sur-Mer. The Princess Mary's first objective was to seize the bridges over the Seulles, south of the town, at MR 928819 (D12 La Seulles: Pont Ouest) and MR 953817 (D12 La Seulles: Pont Est) (LZ1 vT MR Grid French Lambert Conic).[51][52]
  • Delayed by limited beach exits, the engineers able to clear a path and complete a causeway, at 09h20 'A' Squadron, 1st Hussars, began to move toward their first objective, Graye-sur-Mer.[53]
  • After some delay in getting off the beaches, Bde HQ 7 CIB arrived in Graye-sur-Mer at 12h15 BST, “... rather surprised that they were in battle with the result that it took time to shake down as a HQ.” [54] The Brigade Commander's party had landed about 09h30 and moved to the Main Beach Signal Station, that would act as the headquarters communications centre, waiting for the Brigade Main Headquarters and its Signals Troop.[55] Brigade Main Headquarters arrived, the Bde HQ moved off and “... spent the night at 927808 COLUMBIERS-SUR-SEULLES, ...”.[56][57] Graye-sur-Mer was freed.

Population

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1962460—    
1968416−9.6%
1975405−2.6%
1982525+29.6%
1990567+8.0%
1999593+4.6%
2008652+9.9%

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021.
  2. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  3. ^ Commune de Graye-sur-Mer (14318), INSEE
  4. ^ Quelques villes proches de Graye-sur-Mer, villorama.com
  5. ^ Marc Laurenceau, D-Day Overlord. D-Day Overlord – Normandy landings – Battle of Normandy, Graye-sur-Mer (Calvados). The cities of Normandy during the 1944 battles. See: http://www.dday-overlord.com/en/battle-of-normandy/cities/graye-sur-merAccessed 02.02.2K18
  6. ^ War Diary: Headquarters, 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade, Page 3, 6 June (Solent. UK). See: http://lmharchive.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/7th-Canadian-Infantry-Brigade.pdf Accessed 02.02.2K18
  7. ^ Operation Overlord/ Neptune, JUNO BEACH: Bombardment Force ‘E', Pages 55./56. See: http://www.6juin1944.com/assaut/juno/tables.pdf Accessed 02.02.2K18
  8. ^ Overlord/Operation Neptune, Force 'J' - Juno Beach. Page 56. See: http://www.6juin1944.com/assaut/juno/tables.pdf Accessed 02.02.2K18
  9. ^ War Diary: The-Canadian-Scottish-Regiment, Ver-sur-Mer: Page 4, 6 Jun 44. See: http://lmharchive.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Canadian-Scottish-Regiment.pdf Accessed 01.02.2018
  10. ^ War Diary: The Royal Winnipeg Rifles, Ver-sur-Mer: Page 3, 6 Jun 44. See: http://lmharchive.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/The-Royal-Winnipeg-Rifles.pdf Accessed 01.02.2018
  11. ^ Vice Admiral Morton L. Deyo, USN (Ret). Naval Guns at Normandy (1956?), Naval History and Heritage Command. See: https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/n/naval-guns-normandy.html Accessed 03.02.2K18
  12. ^ Operation Overlord/ Neptune, JUNO BEACH: Bombardment Force ‘E', Pages 55./56. See: http://www.6juin1944.com/assaut/juno/tables.pdf Accessed 02.02.2K18
  13. ^ Lt. R.H. Roy, Report No. 54 - Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters. Canadian Participation in the Operations in North-West Europe, 1944. Part 1: The Assault and subsequent operations of 3 Cdn Inf Div. Appendix B. Dated 3 Dec 45. Accessed 10.08.2K16
  14. ^ Canadian Army Commanders (2005) "The Technique of the Assault: The Canadian Army on D-Day: After-Action Reports by Commanders," Canadian Military History: Vol. 14: Iss. 3, Article 5, Page 5. Available at: http://scholars.wlu.ca/cmh/vol14/iss3/5 Accessed 04.02.2K18
  15. ^ Overlord/Operation Neptune, Force 'J' - Juno Beach. Pages 41./56./57./ See : http://www.6juin1944.com/assaut/juno/tables.pdf Accessed 02.02.2K18
  16. ^ Lt. R.H. Roy, Report No. 54 - Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters. Canadian Participation in the Operations in North-West Europe, 1944. Part 1: The Assault and subsequent operations of 3 Cdn Inf Div. Appendix B. Dated 3 Dec 45. Accessed 10.08.2K16
  17. ^ Richard Drew, Atlantikwall: WW2 Defences from 1941-1944, France: AOK 7 Normandie. See: http://www.atlantikwall.co.uk/atlantikwall/fnc_wn33a.php Accessed 03.02.2K18
  18. ^ Anderson Richard C., Cracking Hitler's Atlantic Wall: The 1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers on D-Day, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA., 2010, ISBN 9780811742719, Chapter 4 German Planning and Preparation: The German Defences - Page 74 Accessed 18.05.2016
  19. ^ War Diary: The-Canadian-Scottish-Regiment, Ver-sur-Mer: Page 4, 6 Jun 44. See: http://lmharchive.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Canadian-Scottish-Regiment.pdf Accessed 01.02.2018
  20. ^ Operation Overlord/ Neptune, JUNO BEACH: Bombardment Force ‘E', Pages 18. See: http://www.6juin1944.com/assaut/juno/tables.pdf Accessed 02.02.2K18
  21. ^ The Battle of the 716th Infantry Division in Normandy, Wilhelm Richter, 1947. US Army Europe MS #B-621 / Guide to Foreign Military Studies: NARA M1035. Pg18.Para6. See: https://www.fold3.com/image/153801645 Accessed 03.08.2K16
  22. ^ JUNO Beach: The Canadian Scottish Regiment. See: http://www.junobeach.info/juno-4-6.htm Accessed 01.02.2K18
  23. ^ JUNO Beach: The Canadian Scottish Regiment. See: http://www.junobeach.info/juno-4-6.htm Accessed 01.02.2K18
  24. ^ Moutin-Luyat, Stéphane, German Forces in Normandy: 716.Infanterie-Division., retrieved 17 June 2016
  25. ^ Axis History, H.L. deZeng IV. Osttruppen units in the Wehrmacht, Ost-Bataillon 441. See: http://www.axishistory.com/books/137-germany-military-other/foreign-volunteers/8851-osttruppen-units-in-the-wehrmacht Last Updated: 29 March 2013 - Accessed 02.02.2K18
  26. ^ feldgrau.net, Ost-Bataillon 441. Post by Lorenz, Wed Apr 13, 2005 6:14 am, Moderator: Tom Houlihan. See: https://www.feldgrau.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=14842 Accessed 02.02.2K18
  27. ^ The Battle of the 716th Infantry Division in Normandy, Wilhelm Richter, 1947. US Army Europe MS #B-621 / Guide to Foreign Military Studies: NARA M1035. Pg18.Para6. See: https://www.fold3.com/image/153801645 Accessed 03.08.2K16
  28. ^ Guðmundur Helgason, uboat.net, Allied Warships: FFL La Combattante See: https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5458.html Accessed 04.02.2K18
  29. ^ C.P. Stacey, The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe, 1944–45, Vol. III, Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1960), Page 105
  30. ^ Canadian Army Commanders (2005) "The Technique of the Assault: The Canadian Army on D-Day: After-Action Reports by Commanders," Canadian Military History: Vol. 14: Iss. 3, Article 5. Available at: http://scholars.wlu.ca/cmh/vol14/iss3/5 Accessed 04.02.2K18
  31. ^ Zetterling, Niklas. Normandy 1944: German Military Organization, Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness: 716.InfanterieDivision. Winnipeg, Manitoba: J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-921991-56-8. See: https://web.archive.org/web/20050313120510/http://home.swipnet.se/normandy/gerob/infdiv/716id.html Accessed 25.07.2K16
  32. ^ Steiger, Capt. A.G., Report No. 41 - Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters. The German Defences in the Courseulles-St.Aubin Area of the Normandy Coast: Information from German Sources. 716 Inf Div 6 Jun 44 Initial Situation. Page 18./Para 33. Dated 20 Jul 51
  33. ^ Capt. A.G. Steiger, Report No. 41 - Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters. The German Defences in the Courseulles-St.Aubin Area of the Normandy Coast: Information from German Sources. 716 Inf Div 6 Jun 44 Initial Situation. Appendix "D". Dated 20 Jul 51
  34. ^ Lt. R.H. Roy, Report No. 54 - Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters. Canadian Participation in the Operations in North-West Europe, 1944. Part 1: The Assault and subsequent operations of 3 Cdn Inf Div. Appendix I Map Showing: ‘Eastern Flank of the Normandy Bridgehead German Defences 6 June 1944'. Dated 3 Dec 45. Accessed 26.07.2K16
  35. ^ Steiger, Capt. A.G., Report No. 41 - Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters. The German Defences in the Courseulles-St.Aubin Area of the Normandy Coast: Information from German Sources. 716 Inf Div 6 Jun 44 Initial Situation. Appendix C: 716 Inf Div Initial Situation / Appendix D: Enlarged Trace. Dated 20 Jul 51
  36. ^ Steiger, Capt. A.G., Report No. 41 - Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters. The German Defences in the Courseulles-St.Aubin Area of the Normandy Coast: Information from German Sources. 716 Inf Div 6 Jun 44 Initial Situation. Appendix C: 716 Inf Div Initial Situation / Appendix D: Enlarged Trace. Dated 20 Jul 51
  37. ^ Capt A.G. Steiger, Report No. 41 - Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters. The German Defences in the Courseulles-St.Aubin Area of the Normandy Coast: Information from German Sources. Para 19./ Page 11., (Photostat 9BID716 D7). Dated 20 Jul 51
  38. ^ Dr. Leo Niehorster and Richard Anderson, World War II Armed Forces — Orders of Battle and Organizations, German Order of Battle: 716th Infantry Division - 6 June 1944, Last Updated 01.07.2011. See: http://www.niehorster.org/011_germany/44-oob/44-06-01_neptune/divisons/div_716.html Accessed 25.07.2K16
  39. ^ The Battle of the 716th Infantry Division in Normandy, Wilhelm Richter, 1947. US Army Europe MS #B-621 / Guide to Foreign Military Studies: NARA M1035. Pg20.Para-Subpara_b. See: https://www.fold3.com/image/153801700 Accessed 03.08.2K16
  40. ^ Capt. A.G. Steiger, Report No. 41 - Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters. The German Defences in the Courseulles-St.Aubin Area of the Normandy Coast: Information from German Sources. Para 31/Page 17. Dated 20 Jul 51
  41. ^ Le Panzerjager-Abteilung des Infanterie Divisionen En Normandie: Panzerjager Abteilung 716-716eme Infanterie Division. Posted 20 août 2013. See: http://fe6bdb792f003489eae726e14af65dd2.over-blog.com/tag/histoire/3 Accessed 14.07.2K16
  42. ^ Lt. R.H. Roy, Report No. 54 - Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters. Canadian Participation in the Operations in North-West Europe, 1944. Part 1: The Assault and subsequent operations of 3 Cdn Inf Div. Appendix I Map Showing: ‘Eastern Flank of the Normandy Bridgehead German Defences 6 June 1944'. Dated 3 Dec 45. Accessed 26.07.2K16
  43. ^ Steiger, Capt. A.G., Report No. 41 - Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters. The German Defences in the Courseulles-St.Aubin Area of the Normandy Coast: Information from German Sources. 716 Inf Div 6 Jun 44 Initial Situation. Appendix C: 716 Inf Div Initial Situation / Appendix D: Enlarged Trace. Dated 20 Jul 51
  44. ^ Lt. R.H. Roy, Report No. 54 - Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters. Canadian Participation in the Operations in North-West Europe, 1944. Part 1: The Assault and subsequent operations of 3 Cdn Inf Div. Appendix I Map Showing: ‘Eastern Flank of the Normandy Bridgehead German Defences 6 June 1944'. Dated 3 Dec 45. Accessed 26.07.2K16
  45. ^ Lt. R.H. Roy, Report No. 54 - Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters. Canadian Participation in the Operations in North-West Europe, 1944. Part 1: The Assault and subsequent operations of 3 Cdn Inf Div. Appendix I Map Showing: ‘Eastern Flank of the Normandy Bridgehead German Defences 6 June 1944'. Dated 3 Dec 45. Accessed 26.07.2K16
  46. ^ Steiger, Capt. A.G., Report No. 41 - Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters. The German Defences in the Courseulles-St.Aubin Area of the Normandy Coast: Information from German Sources. 716 Inf Div 6 Jun 44 Initial Situation (OB West History: State of Defences). Para 19./Page 11. Note Page 17. Dated 20 Jul 51
  47. ^ JUNO Beach: Le Régiment de la Chaudière. See:http://www.junobeach.info/juno-4-3.htm Accessed 07.02.2K18
  48. ^ War Diary: 19th Cdn (Army) Field Regiment. St-Aubin-sur-Mer, Page 5, 6 Jun 44. See: http://lmharchive.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/June-war-diary-with-maps-pictures.pdf Accessed 05.02.2018
  49. ^ War Diary: The Royal Winnipeg Rifles, Ver-sur-Mer: Page 3, 6 Jun 44. See: http://lmharchive.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/The-Royal-Winnipeg-Rifles.pdf Accessed 01.02.2018
  50. ^ JUNO Beach: The Royal Winnipeg Rifles. See: http://www.junobeach.info/juno-4-5.htm Accessed 01.02.2K18
  51. ^ War Diary: The-Canadian-Scottish-Regiment, Ver-sur-Mer: Page 5, 6 Jun 44. See: http://lmharchive.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Canadian-Scottish-Regiment.pdf Accessed 01.02.2018
  52. ^ JUNO Beach: The Canadian Scottish Regiment. See: http://www.junobeach.info/juno-4-6.htm Accessed 01.02.2K18
  53. ^ JUNO Beach: First Hussars. See http://www.junobeach.info/juno-4-8.htm Accessed 04.02.2018
  54. ^ War Diary: 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade, Page 3, 6 June (Solent. UK). See: http://lmharchive.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/7th-Canadian-Infantry-Brigade.pdf Accessed 04.02.2K18
  55. ^ Operation Overlord/ Neptune, JUNO BEACH: Bombardment Force ‘E', Pages 35. See: http://www.6juin1944.com/assaut/juno/tables.pdf Accessed 02.02.2K18
  56. ^ War Diary: 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade, Page 3, 6 June (Solent. UK). See: http://lmharchive.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/7th-Canadian-Infantry-Brigade.pdf Accessed 04.02.2K18
  57. ^ Lt. R.H. Roy, Report No. 54 - Historical Section (G.S.) Army Headquarters. Canadian Participation in the Operations in North-West Europe, 1944. Part 1: The Assault and subsequent operations of 3 Cdn Inf Div. Appendix I Map Showing: ‘Eastern Flank of the Normandy Bridgehead German Defences 6 June 1944'. Dated 3 Dec 45. Accessed 26.07.2K16
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