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Eurovision Song Contest 1992

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Eurovision Song Contest 1992
Dates
Final9 May 1992
Host
VenueMalmö Isstadion
Malmö, Sweden
Presenter(s)Lydia Capolicchio
Harald Treutiger
Musical directorAnders Berglund
Directed byKåge Gimtell
Executive supervisorFrank Naef
Host broadcasterSveriges Television (SVT)
Websiteeurovision.tv/event/malmo-1992 Edit this at Wikidata
Participants
Number of entries23
Debuting countriesNone
Returning countries Netherlands
Non-returning countriesNone
  • A coloured map of the countries of EuropeBelgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Monaco in the Eurovision Song ContestLuxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Austria in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992France in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Turkey in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Morocco in the Eurovision Song ContestCyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992Iceland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992
         Participating countries     Countries that participated in the past but not in 1992
Vote
Voting systemEach country awarded 12, 10, 8-1 point(s) to their 10 favourite songs
Winning song Ireland
"Why Me"
1991 ← Eurovision Song Contest → 1993

The Eurovision Song Contest 1992 was the 37th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, held on 9 May 1992 at the Malmö Isstadion in Malmö, Sweden. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Sveriges Television (SVT), and presented by Lydia Capolicchio and Harald Treutiger, the contest was held in Sweden following the country's victory at the 1991 contest with the song "Fångad av en stormvind" by Carola.

Twenty-three countries participated in the contest – a new record number of participating countries – with the Netherlands returning to the contest following a one-year break to join the twenty-two countries which had participated in the previous year's event.

The winner was Ireland with the song "Why Me", written by Johnny Logan and performed by Linda Martin. This marked Ireland's fourth contest win, and brought songwriter Logan his third win overall, having previously won the contest in 1980 as singer and in 1987 as both singer and songwriter. The United Kingdom, Malta, Italy, and Greece also placed in the top five, with the United Kingdom recording its thirteenth second-place position and Malta and Greece achieving their best ever results in the contest.

Location

[edit]
Malmö Isstadion, Malmö – host venue of the 1992 contest

The 1992 contest took place in Malmö, Sweden, following the country's victory at the 1991 contest with the song "Fångad av en stormvind", performed by Carola. It was the third time that Sweden had hosted the contest, following the 1975 and 1985 events held in Stockholm and Gothenburg respectively.[1] The chosen venue was the Malmö Isstadion, normally used as an indoor ice hockey arena and up until 2008 the home stadium of the Malmö Redhawks ice hockey team. Constructed in 1970, the venue had also previously hosted concerts by Frank Sinatra and Julio Iglesias amongst others.[2][3][4][5] With a typical capacity of 5,800 spectators for ice hockey matches, for the contest an audience of around 3,700 was present.[2][3]

Participating countries

[edit]
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision Song Contest 1992 – Participation summaries by country
Two-time contest winner Johnny Logan returned as the songwriter behind the Irish entry.

With the Netherlands making a return to the contest after missing the previous year's contest, and Malta continuing to participate following its return to the event in 1991, twenty-three countries in total competed in the 1992 contest – a new contest record.[6] Ahead of the 1991 event the Maltese broadcaster had been told by the contest organisers that they would only be allowed to remain in the competition if another nation dropped out of the event, however after placing sixth in the 1991 contest, the organisers instead decided to raise the maximum number of participating countries to twenty-three to make space for continued Maltese participation.[2][7] The contest marked the final participation of Yugoslavia, whose entry represented the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for the first and only time, following the break-up of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the past year which had been responsible for all previous Yugoslav entries; following the 1992 contest Yugoslavia was excluded from participating and the nation would not return to the contest until 2004, when it competed under its new name Serbia and Montenegro.[8][9] The 1992 contest was notable in the fact that only two countries which had previously participated in past editions of the event were absent from the contest, namely Monaco and Morocco.[5]

Among the competing entries at this year's contest was the first entry to be performed in a French Creole language, and the first appearance of a song performed in Luxembourgish since 1960.[10][11]

The 1992 event featured a number of artists who had competed in previous editions: Sigríður Beinteinsdóttir and Grétar Örvarsson, two members of Iceland's entrant Heart 2 Heart, had previously represented the country in 1990 as Stjórnin; Rom Heck, a member of the group Kontinent that represented Luxembourg alongside Marion Welter, had previously competed in the 1989 contest as a member of the group Park Café; Linda Martin made a second contest appearance for Ireland following the 1984 contest; Mia Martini also competed for the second time for Italy, after previously participating in 1977; and the group Wind represented Germany for the third time, following their previous entries in 1985 and 1987.[10][12] Additionally, Cyprus's Evridiki participated as lead artist after previously performing backing vocals for the Cypriot entries in 1983, 1986 and 1987.[13]

Participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 1992[10][14][15]
Country Broadcaster Artist Song Language Songwriter(s) Conductor
 Austria ORF Tony Wegas "Zusammen geh'n" German
Leon Ives
 Belgium RTBF Morgane "Nous on veut des violons" French
Frank Fievez
 Cyprus CyBC Evridiki "Teriazoume" (Ταιριάζουμε) Greek George Theofanous George Theofanous
 Denmark DR Lotte Nilsson and Kenny Lübcke "Alt det som ingen ser" Danish Carsten Warming Henrik Krogsgaard
 Finland YLE Pave "Yamma Yamma" Finnish
Olli Ahvenlahti
 France Antenne 2 Kali "Monté la riviè" French, Antillean Creole
  • Rémy Bellenchombre
  • Kali
 Magdi Vasco Noverraz
 Germany MDR[a] Wind "Träume sind für alle da" German
Norbert Daum
 Greece ERT Cleopatra "Olou tou kosmou i elpida" (Όλου του κόσμου η ελπίδα) Greek Christos Lagos Haris Andreadis
 Iceland RÚV Heart 2 Heart "Nei eða já" Icelandic
Nigel Wright
 Ireland RTÉ Linda Martin "Why Me" English
Noel Kelehan
 Israel IBA Dafna "Ze Rak Sport" (זה רק ספורט) Hebrew
Kobi Oshrat
 Italy RAI Mia Martini "Rapsodia" Italian
Marco Falagiani
 Luxembourg CLT Marion Welter and Kontinent "Sou fräi" Luxembourgish
  • Ab van Goor
  • Jang Linster
 Christian Jacob
 Malta PBS Mary Spiteri "Little Child" English
Paul Abela
 Netherlands NOS Humphrey Campbell "Wijs me de weg" Dutch Edwin Schimscheimer Harry van Hoof
 Norway NRK Merethe Trøan "Visjoner" Norwegian
  • Eva Jansen
  • Robert Morley
 Rolf Løvland
 Portugal RTP Dina "Amor d'água fresca" Portuguese
Carlos Alberto Moniz
 Spain TVE Serafín "Todo esto es la música" Spanish
  • Luis Miguélez
  • Alfredo Valbuena
 Javier Losada
 Sweden SVT Christer Björkman "I morgon är en annan dag" Swedish Niklas Strömstedt Anders Berglund
  Switzerland SRG SSR Daisy Auvray "Mister Music Man" French Gordon Dent Roby Seidel
 Turkey TRT Aylin Vatankoş "Yaz Bitti" Turkish
  • Aldoğan Şimşekyay
  • Aylin Uçanlar
 Aydın Özarı
 United Kingdom BBC Michael Ball "One Step Out of Time" English
  • Paul Davies
  • Tony Ryan
  • Victor Stratton
 Ronnie Hazlehurst
Yugoslavia JRT Extra Nena [sr] "Ljubim te pesmama" (Љубим те песмама) Serbian
  • Gale Janković
  • Radivoje Radivojević
 Anders Berglund

Production and format

[edit]
Anders Berglund (pictured in 2019) served as the contest's musical director and led the orchestra during the event

The Eurovision Song Contest 1992 was produced by the Swedish public broadcaster Sveriges Television (SVT). Ingvar Ernblad [sv] served as executive producer, Kåge Gimtell [sv] served as producer and director, Göran Arfs served as designer, and Anders Berglund served as musical director leading an assembled orchestra of around 50 musicians.[6][17][18] A separate musical director could be nominated by each country to lead the orchestra during their performance, with the host musical director also available to conduct for those countries which did not nominate their own conductor.[10]

Each participating broadcaster submitted one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration and performed in the language, or one of the languages, of the country which it represented.[19][20] A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance, and all participants were required to have reached the age of 16 in the year of the contest.[19][21] Each entry could utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-only backing tracks, however any backing tracks used could only include the sound of instruments featured on stage being mimed by the performers.[21][22]

Following the confirmation of the twenty-three competing countries, the draw to determine the running order was held on 3 December 1991 and was conducted by Carola.[2]

The results of the 1992 contest were determined through the same scoring system as had first been introduced in 1975: each country awarded twelve points to its favourite entry, followed by ten points to its second favourite, and then awarded points in decreasing value from eight to one for the remaining songs which featured in the country's top ten, with countries unable to vote for their own entry.[23] The points awarded by each country were determined by an assembled jury of sixteen individuals, which was required to be split evenly between members of the public and music professionals, between men and women, and by age. Each jury member voted in secret and awarded between one and ten votes to each participating song, excluding that from their own country and with no abstentions permitted. The votes of each member were collected following the country's performance and then tallied by the non-voting jury chairperson to determine the points to be awarded. In any cases where two or more songs in the top ten received the same number of votes, a show of hands by all jury members was used to determine the final placing.[24][25]

The stage design for the Malmö contest centred around a large representation of the bow of a Viking ship, flanked on either side by sets of stairs, while a hexagonal design was used for the floor area in front which was painted to resemble the Eurovision network logo.[6][11] To the left of the stage as seen by the audience sat the orchestra, while to the right stood a large video wall and a smaller stage for use by the presenters to introduce each act and during the voting sequence. Behind the Viking ship the backdrop featured a representation using neon lighting of the span of the Öresund Bridge, the construction of which had yet to begin but which would connect Sweden and Denmark, and thus connecting Sweden with the bulk of the European mainland from 1999.[11][26][27]

Rehearsals in the contest venue began on 3 May 1992, focussing on the opening performances and interval act. The participating artists began their rehearsals on 4 May, and each participating delegation was afforded two technical rehearsals in the week of the contest, with countries rehearsing in the order in which they would perform. The first rehearsals, held on 4 and 5 May, saw each country given a 40-minute slot on stage, followed by a press conference. Each delegation was then given a second slot to rehearse on stage, this time for 30 minutes, on 6 and 7 May. Three dress rehearsals were held with all artists, two held in the afternoon and evening of 8 May and one final rehearsal in the afternoon of 9 May. Audiences were present for the latter two dress rehearsals, and the final afternoon dress rehearsal was also recorded for use as a production stand-by. During the contest week the participating delegations were also invited to a welcome reception, which was held in Malmö rådhus [sv].[2]

This year's contest featured a mascot: the "Eurobird", an anthropomorphic bird, featured as a computer animated character during the transition between the competing songs.[26][28]

Contest overview

[edit]
Having previously come second at the 1984 contest, Ireland's Linda Martin (pictured in 2013) returned and won the event with the song "Why Me?".

The contest took place on 9 May 1992 at 21:00 (CEST) with a duration of 3 hours. The show was presented by the Swedish journalists and television presenters Lydia Capolicchio and Harald Treutiger.[6][10]

The opening sequence featured a computer-generated animation showing the journey from the previous year's host city Rome to Malmö, including oversized models placed on the European continent representing the Colosseum, the Leaning Tower of Pisa, the Alps, the Eiffel Tower, and structures in Malmö including Malmö Castle, Kronprinsen and the Hyllie Water Tower.[11][26] This was followed by performances within the venue by the Malmöflickorna [sv] rhythmic gymnastics troupe, involving ribbon choreography to an instrumental version of "Fångad av en stormvind", and the previous year's winning artist Carola who sang the song "All the Reasons to Live".[28][29] The interval act, entitled "A Century of Dance", featured David Johnson, Teresa Ibrahim, the Crazy Feat dance troupe and dancers from the Nöjesteatern [sv], in a performance that showed the evolution of dance in Sweden and worldwide over the previous century; among the music pieces featured during the performance was "It Must Have Been Love" originally recorded by the Swedish duo Roxette.[26][28][30] The trophy awarded to the winners was presented at the end of the broadcast by Carola.[30]

The winner was Ireland represented by the song "Why Me?", written by Johnny Logan and performed by Linda Martin.[31] This was the fourth time that Ireland had won the contest, following victories in 1970, 1980 and 1987.[32] Having come second at the 1984 contest, Martin became the third artist to have placed both first and second in the contest, alongside Lys Assia and Gigliola Cinquetti, and songwriter Logan, who had already won the contest twice as a performer in 1980 and 1987 – the latter win additionally as the songwriter – became the third individual to record two songwriting wins, alongside Willy van Hemert and Yves Dessca, and became the first, and as of 2023 only, individual to record three wins as either singer or songwriter.[11][33][34] The United Kingdom finished in second place for a record-extending thirteenth time, while Malta and Greece recorded their best ever results to date with third- and fifth-place finishes respectively.[35][36][37] Conversely host country Sweden recorded one of their worst ever results, finishing 22nd and second-to-last, and Finland picked up their seventh last-place finish.[1][28] With Ireland, the United Kingdom and Malta taking the top three places, all entries which were performed in English reached the top positions.[6][38]

Results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1992[24][39]
R/O Country Artist Song Points Place
1  Spain Serafín "Todo esto es la música" 37 14
2  Belgium Morgane "Nous on veut des violons" 11 20
3  Israel Dafna "Ze Rak Sport" 85 6
4  Turkey Aylin Vatankoş "Yaz Bitti" 17 19
5  Greece Cleopatra "Olou tou kosmou i elpida" 94 5
6  France Kali "Monte la riviè" 73 8
7  Sweden Christer Björkman "I morgon är en annan dag" 9 22
8  Portugal Dina "Amor d'água fresca" 26 17
9  Cyprus Evridiki "Teriazoume" 57 11
10  Malta Mary Spiteri "Little Child" 123 3
11  Iceland Heart 2 Heart "Nei eða já" 80 7
12  Finland Pave "Yamma Yamma" 4 23
13   Switzerland Daisy Auvray "Mister Music Man" 32 15
14  Luxembourg Marion Welter and Kontinent "Sou fräi" 10 21
15  Austria Tony Wegas "Zusammen geh'n" 63 10
16  United Kingdom Michael Ball "One Step Out of Time" 139 2
17  Ireland Linda Martin "Why Me" 155 1
18  Denmark Lotte Nilsson and Kenny Lübcke "Alt det som ingen ser" 47 12
19  Italy Mia Martini "Rapsodia" 111 4
20 Yugoslavia Extra Nena "Ljubim te pesmama" 44 13
21  Norway Merethe Trøan "Visjoner" 23 18
22  Germany Wind "Träume sind für alle da" 27 16
23  Netherlands Humphrey Campbell "Wijs me de weg" 67 9

Spokespersons

[edit]

Each country nominated a spokesperson, connected to the contest venue via telephone lines and responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for their respective country.[19][40] Known spokespersons at the 1992 contest are listed below.

Detailed voting results

[edit]

Jury voting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries.[24] The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in ascending order.[26][24] The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below.

Detailed voting results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1992[44][45]
Total score
Spain
Belgium
Israel
Turkey
Greece
France
Sweden
Portugal
Cyprus
Malta
Iceland
Finland
Switzerland
Luxembourg
Austria
United Kingdom
Ireland
Denmark
Italy
Yugoslavia
Norway
Germany
Netherlands
Contestants
 Spain 37 1 1 4 6 2 3 3 2 1 1 7 5 1
Belgium 11 3 4 3 1
Israel 85 10 2 8 4 7 4 7 4 8 1 7 2 12 2 4 3
Turkey 17 8 3 6
Greece 94 7 8 7 3 5 12 2 5 10 4 12 7 8 4
France 73 6 12 3 3 7 12 5 6 10 3 6
Sweden 9 1 4 4
Portugal 26 8 2 2 1 5 8
Cyprus 57 3 10 2 2 1 8 2 6 4 8 3 8
Malta 123 12 10 7 12 12 1 8 5 12 8 10 8 3 10 5
Iceland 80 8 4 4 6 6 6 3 5 7 12 5 5 1 6 2
Finland 4 1 3
Switzerland 32 5 12 4 1 10
Luxembourg 10 10
Austria 63 2 8 8 1 3 8 4 10 12 7
United Kingdom 139 5 12 2 10 10 5 6 6 4 6 8 7 12 7 12 8 12 7
Ireland 155 1 7 12 12 10 4 5 12 7 10 6 10 10 8 10 2 2 7 10 10
Denmark 47 4 6 7 1 6 6 3 3 6 5
Italy 111 5 3 12 8 8 10 5 10 12 7 6 12 1 12
Yugoslavia 44 10 6 1 5 2 3 5 4 2 4 2
Norway 23 3 2 1 1 4 5 6 1
Germany 27 6 10 6 2 3
Netherlands 67 7 2 5 7 5 4 7 3 1 5 2 8 4 7

12 points

[edit]

The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold. Italy, Malta and the United Kingdom each received the maximum score of 12 points from four of the voting countries, with Ireland receiving three sets of 12 points, France and Greece receiving two sets of maximum scores each, and Austria, Iceland, Israel and Switzerland each receiving one maximum score.[44][45]

Distribution of 12 points awarded at the Eurovision Song Contest 1992[44][45]
N. Contestant Nation(s) giving 12 points
4  Italy  Finland,  France,  Netherlands,  Norway
 Malta  Luxembourg,  Portugal,  Spain,  Sweden
 United Kingdom  Austria,  Belgium,  Denmark,  Germany
3  Ireland  Greece,  Malta,  Turkey
2  France  Israel,   Switzerland
 Greece  Cyprus,  Italy
1  Austria  Ireland
 Iceland  United Kingdom
 Israel Yugoslavia
  Switzerland  Iceland

Broadcasts

[edit]

Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers.[21] The contest was broadcast in 44 countries, including Australia, New Zealand and South Korea.[2][46] Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.

Broadcasters and commentators in participating countries
Country Broadcaster Channel(s) Commentator(s) Ref.
 Austria ORF FS1 Ernst Grissemann [47][48]
 Belgium RTBF RTBF1 Claude Delacroix [49]
BRTN TV1, TV2 André Vermeulen [50][51]
Radio 2 Marc Brillouet [nl] and Julien Put [nl] [52]
 Cyprus CyBC RIK 1 Evi Papamichail [53]
A Programma [54]
 Denmark DR DR TV Jørgen de Mylius [55]
DR P3 Jesper Bæhrenz and Andrew Jensen [dk]
 Finland YLE TV1 Erkki Pohjanheimo and Kati Bergman [56]
Radiomafia Pekka and Pätkä
Riksradion Johan Finne, Paul Olin [sv] and Wille Wilenius [fi]
 France Antenne 2 Thierry Beccaro [57]
 Germany ARD Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen Jan Hofer [58]
 Greece ERT ET1 [59]
 Iceland RÚV Sjónvarpið, Rás 2 Árni Snævarr [60]
 Ireland RTÉ RTÉ 1 Pat Kenny [61]
2FM Larry Gogan [62]
 Israel IBA Israeli Television [63]
 Italy RAI Rai Due[b] Peppi Franzelin [it] [64]
 Luxembourg CLT RTL Hei Elei Romain Goerend [lb] [49]
 Malta PBS TVM, Radio Malta 2 Anna Bonanno [43][65]
 Netherlands NOS Nederland 3 Willem van Beusekom [66]
 Norway NRK NRK Fjernsynet John Andreassen [67]
NRK P2 Leif Erik Forberg and Vidar Lønn-Arnesen [67][68]
 Portugal RTP RTP Canal 1 Eládio Clímaco [69][70]
 Spain TVE La 2 José Luis Uribarri [71][72]
 Sweden SVT TV2 Jesper Aspegren [sv] [73]
RR [sv] SR P3 Kalle Oldby and Lotta Engberg [74]
  Switzerland SRG SSR TV DRS Mariano Tschuor [75]
TSR Chaîne nationale Ivan Frésard [fr] [76]
TSI Canale nazionale [75]
 Turkey TRT TV1 [77]
 United Kingdom BBC BBC1, BBC WSTV Terry Wogan [67][78]
BBC Radio 2 Ken Bruce [79]
Yugoslavia JRT TV Beograd 1, TV Novi Sad 1 [sr] Mladen Popović [sr] [80][81]
Broadcasters and commentators in non-participating countries
Country Broadcaster Channel(s) Commentator(s) Ref.
 Australia SBS SBS TV[c] [82]
 Czechoslovakia ČST F1 [cs; sk][d] [83]
 Estonia ETV Ivo Linna and Olavi Pihlamägi [et] [84]
 Faroe Islands SvF [85]
 Greenland KNR KNR[e] [86]
 Hungary MTV MTV1[f] István Vágó [87]
 Poland TVP TVP1 Artur Orzech and Maria Szabłowska [pl] [88][89]
 Romania TVR TVR 1[g] [90]
 Russia RTR RTR [91]
 Slovenia RTVSLO SLO 1 [sl] Miša Molk [92]

Notes and references

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ On behalf of the German public broadcasting consortium ARD[16]
  2. ^ Deferred broadcast at 23:50 (CEST)[64]
  3. ^ Deferred broadcast on 10 May at 20:30 (AEST)[82]
  4. ^ Delayed broadcast on 15 May 1992 at 21:35 (CEST)[83]
  5. ^ Delayed broadcast on 16 May 1992 at 21:05 (WGST)[86]
  6. ^ Deferred broadcast at 22:20 (CEST)[87]
  7. ^ Deferred broadcast at 23:30 (CEST)[90]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Sweden – Participation history". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Roxburgh 2020, pp. 96–97.
  3. ^ a b "Malmö stad - Isstadion". Malmö stad. 19 March 2007. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
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  7. ^ O'Connor 2010, pp. 124–127.
  8. ^ Escudero, Victor M. (17 September 2017). "Rock me baby! Looking back at Yugoslavia at Eurovision". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
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  10. ^ a b c d e Roxburgh 2020, pp. 98–108.
  11. ^ a b c d e O'Connor 2010, pp. 128–131.
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  22. ^ Escudero, Victor M. (18 April 2020). "#EurovisionAgain travels back to Dublin 1997". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2023. The orchestra also saw their days numbered as, from 1997, full backing tracks were allowed without restriction, meaning that the songs could be accompanied by pre-recorded music instead of the live orchestra.
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  25. ^ Roxburgh 2020, p. 73.
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  30. ^ a b O'Connor 2010, p. 216.
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Bibliography

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  • O'Connor, John Kennedy (2010). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History (2nd ed.). London, United Kingdom: Carlton Books. ISBN 978-1-84732-521-1.
  • Roxburgh, Gordon (2020). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Four: The 1990s. Prestatyn, United Kingdom: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-163-9.
  • Thorsson, Leif; Verhage, Martin (2006). Melodifestivalen genom tiderna : de svenska uttagningarna och internationella finalerna [Melodifestivalen through the ages: the Swedish selections and international finals] (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden: Premium Publishing. ISBN 91-89136-29-2.
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