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Sunshine Coast, Queensland

Coordinates: 26°39′15″S 153°05′36″E / 26.65417°S 153.09333°E / -26.65417; 153.09333
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Sunshine Coast
Queensland
Caloundra
Maroochydore
Nambour
Mooloolaba
Noosa Heads
Maleny
Map
Sunshine Coast is located in Queensland
Sunshine Coast
Sunshine Coast
Coordinates26°39′15″S 153°05′36″E / 26.65417°S 153.09333°E / -26.65417; 153.09333
Population398,840 (2021)[1][2] (9th)
 • Density244.24/km2 (632.57/sq mi)
Area1,633 km2 (630.5 sq mi)[3] (2016 urban)
Location100 km (62 mi) from Brisbane
LGA(s)
State electorate(s)Buderim, Caloundra, Glass House, Kawana, Maroochydore, Nicklin, Noosa
Federal division(s)
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
25.4 °C
78 °F		 15.8 °C
60 °F		 1,478.5 mm
58.2 in

The Sunshine Coast is a peri-urban region in South East Queensland, Australia. In 1967, it was defined as "the area contained in the [former] Shires of Landsborough, Maroochy and Noosa, but excluding Bribie Island".[4] Located 100 km (62 mi) north of the centre of Brisbane in South East Queensland, on the Coral Sea coastline, its urban area spans approximately 60 km (37 mi) of coastline and hinterland from Pelican Waters to Tewantin.

The area has several coastal hubs at Caloundra, Kawana Waters, Maroochydore and Noosa Heads. Nambour and Maleny have developed as primary commercial centres for the hinterland.

Since 2014, the Sunshine Coast district has been split into two local government areas, the Sunshine Coast Region and the Shire of Noosa, which administer the southern and northern parts of the Sunshine Coast respectively.

As of June 2021, with an estimated urban population of 398,840,[2] the Sunshine Coast is the fifth most populated area in Queensland and the 9th most populous in the country.[2] The population of the area has grown steadily at an average annual rate of 2.4% year-on-year over the five years to 2018.[2]

History

[edit]
Aerial vista of the University of the Sunshine Coast and its surrounds in 2023.

The earliest residents of the Sunshine Coast were the indigenous Gubbi Gubbi and Wakka Wakka people.[5] The territory of the Kabi includes about 21,000 square kilometres (8,200 sq mi) along the coastline from the 27th parallel northward to the mouth of the Burrum River.[5] The country of the Wakka Wakka people was about 13,000 km2 (5,000 sq mi) that was roughly triangular to the west of the Kabi, including a small part of the Dawson,[clarification needed] and meeting the northern Kabi boundary at Walla.[clarification needed] The two tribes were friendly and intermarried and had the same class restrictions.[5][page needed] The groups were nomadic, gathering food en-route as they moved from one campsite to the next.[5]

Gubbi Gubbi (Kabi Kabi, Cabbee, Carbi, Gabi Gabi) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken on Gubbi Gubbi country. The Gubbi Gubbi language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Sunshine Coast Region and Gympie Region, particularly the towns of Caloundra, Noosa Heads, Gympie and extending north towards Maryborough and south to Caboolture.[6]

Log rafting on the Noosa River, 1889
Pineapple plantation in the 1930s
Mount Beerwah is part of the Glass House Mountains National Park

In 1770, James Cook on the deck of HM Bark Endeavour became the first known European to sight the Glass House Mountains, located south-west of Caloundra.[7]

In the 1820s, former convicts John Finnegan, Thomas Pamphlett and Richard Parsons landed on Moreton Island after becoming hopelessly lost fetching cedar. They lived with the Kabi Kabi for eight months.

Thereafter, during the 1830s to 1840s, the district became home to numerous runaway convicts from the Moreton Bay (Brisbane) penal colony slightly to the south.[8]

In 1842, Governor George Gipps had the entire Sunshine Coast and hinterland from Mt Beerwah north to roughly Eumundi declared a "Bunya Bunya Reserve" for the protection of the bunya tree after Andrew Petrie advised him of the importance of bunya groves in Aboriginal culture.[9] However, during the 1840s and 1850s, the Bunya Bunya Reserve and its vicinity became the scene of some of the most bitter skirmishes of Australia's "Black War". The Blackall Range, on account of the tri-annual Bunya Festival, served as both a hideout and rallying point for attacks against white settlements. By the 1850s timber cutters and cattlemen had started exploiting the area; in 1860 the Bunya Bunya Reserve was scrapped.

Many of the Sunshine Coast's towns began as simple ports or jetties for the timber industry during the 1860s and 1870s, as the area once had magnificent stands of forest. Likewise, the region's roads often began as snigging tracks for hauling timber. Timber getters used the region's creeks, rivers and lakes as seaways to float out their logs of cedar – the resultant wood being shipped as far afield as Europe.

During the Gympie Gold Rush (1867), prospectors scaled the Sunshine Coast mountains to develop easier roadways to and from the gold fields of Gympie. After the construction of the railway line to Gympie, the coastal and river towns, being mostly ports for the early river trade, were bypassed.[10]

By the 1890s, diverse small farming (fruit and dairy) had replaced the cattle-and-timber economy of earlier decades. Sugar cane and pineapples proved especially important to produce for the district. Many small hamlets and towns now emerged. Produce was initially taken by horse to Landsborough, then to Eudlo in 1891.[11]

The post-World War I era saw the rise of the "seaside shack". The seaside shack provided the opportunity for the coastal "getaway" with modest investment. From 1914 to 1946, they popped up all along the North Coast (because it was north of Brisbane). Seaside shacks were exceedingly cheap and were an early use of the concept of recycling. Many were built of disused or second grade timber, all kinds of materials were used for the holiday seaside shack, including fibro cement, metal containers, and left-over farm sheds; even disused trams were sold off as seaside shacks.[12]

Especially after World War II, the Sunshine Coast grew into a holiday and surfing destination. This tendency was further expanded in the development boom of the 1960s and 1970s.[13]

Then known as the Near North Coast,[14][15] the renaming of the South Coast to become the Gold Coast triggered interest in renaming the Near North Coast to increase the tourist appeal. Names considered included the Silver Coast, the Diamond Coast, and Suncoast. Suncoast was rejected as it was copyrighted by a proprietary company.[16] In 1967, it was officially renamed the Sunshine Coast.[17][18]

Around the same time, various tourist attractions and theme parks were created, such as the Big Pineapple in Woombye.[19]

After the 1980s, the Sunshine Coast experienced rapid population growth. As of 2016 it had become one of the fastest-growing regions in Australia.[20] As the region becomes increasingly residential, most of the district's distinctive small farms – especially tropical-fruit and sugar-cane farms have disappeared, as have most of its theme parks. The Moreton sugar mills closure in 2003 removed a market for the district's 120 cane growers who had been harvesting cane in the region.[21] Instead, businesses concerned with retail, catering and tourism have assumed increasing importance.

In 2008, The Shire of Noosa, Shire of Maroochy and City of Caloundra merged to form the Sunshine Coast Region. The 2007 referendum conducted by the Australian Electoral Commission and leading to the merger remained controversial in Noosa Shire, where 95% of voters had rejected amalgamation.[22]

In March 2013, a second referendum resulted in 81% of residents voted to leave the amalgamated Sunshine Coast Region. On 9 November 2013 an election resulted in Noel Playford being elected to take office as mayor on 1 January 2014 with the new council.[23]

The Shire of Noosa was re-established on 1 January 2014. This resulted in two geopolitical areas occupying the area generally recognised as 'The Sunshine Coast'. The Sunshine Coast Region, governed by the Sunshine Coast Council and the Shire of Noosa, governed by Noosa Shire Council.

Geography

[edit]
Caloundra, Bribie Island and the Glass House Mountains, 2012
Aerial perspective of Mooloolaba's network of waterways, 2023
Aerial panorama of Maleny facing Lake Baroon. 2023.
Australia Zoo, 2007
Aerial panorama of the Australia Zoo along Steve Irwin Way. 2023.

Major rivers of the Sunshine Coast include Noosa River, Maroochy River, Mooloolah River and the Stanley River. The region includes several lakes such as Lake Cootharaba and Lake Weyba. Ewen Maddock Dam, Wappa Dam and Baroon Pocket Dam have been built for water storage.

See also: List of Sunshine Coast Region suburbs

Beaches

[edit]

Several stretches of the Sunshine Coast are lined with unbroken beaches – from Sunshine Beach near Noosa to Coolum Beach (17 km (11 mi)); the coast from Point Arkwright to Mudjimba (11 km (6.8 mi)); the Maroochydore–Mooloolaba stretch (5.6 km (3.5 mi)); and from Buddina past the Caloundra CBD to Pelican Waters (22 km (14 mi)).

Noosa Main Beach, Alexandra Headland, Mooloolaba (the spit) and Coolum Beach are nationally recognised surfing beaches. Notable beaches include:

King's Beach, Caloundra, 2006

National parks

[edit]

The Sunshine Coast is home to more individual national parks than any other region in Queensland.[24] The natural biodiversity of the area has been protected by five separate parks in both coastal and inland regions, including Mapleton Falls National Park, Kondalilla National Park, The Glass House Mountains National Park, Noosa National Park, and the Great Sandy National Park, which includes sections on Fraser Island and in Cooloola near Rainbow Beach.

Climate

[edit]

Sunshine Coast has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) typical of South Queensland. Summers are generally hot, but moderated compared to areas on similar latitudes elsewhere. Winters retain warm days, but have cooler nights rendering it falling into the subtropical fold. There is no dry season and precipitation is generally quite high.

The average temperature of the sea ranges from 21.2 °C (70.2 °F) in August to 27.1 °C (80.8 °F) in February at Mooloolaba,[25] and from 21.2 °C (70.2 °F) in August to 27.3 °C (81.1 °F) in February at Noosa Heads.[26]

Climate data for Sunshine Coast Airport, 1994–2016
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 41.3
(106.3) 		38.7
(101.7) 		36.2
(97.2) 		33.5
(92.3) 		31.5
(88.7) 		29.1
(84.4) 		31.4
(88.5) 		35.0
(95.0) 		35.7
(96.3) 		37.0
(98.6) 		41.0
(105.8) 		38.4
(101.1) 		41.3
(106.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.1
(84.4) 		28.9
(84.0) 		27.9
(82.2) 		26.0
(78.8) 		23.6
(74.5) 		21.4
(70.5) 		21.2
(70.2) 		22.2
(72.0) 		24.4
(75.9) 		25.6
(78.1) 		27.3
(81.1) 		28.4
(83.1) 		25.5
(77.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21.3
(70.3) 		21.3
(70.3) 		20.2
(68.4) 		17.1
(62.8) 		13.7
(56.7) 		11.4
(52.5) 		9.6
(49.3) 		9.9
(49.8) 		12.9
(55.2) 		15.6
(60.1) 		17.9
(64.2) 		19.8
(67.6) 		15.9
(60.6)
Record low °C (°F) 14.5
(58.1) 		14.4
(57.9) 		10.9
(51.6) 		7.3
(45.1) 		3.5
(38.3) 		1.5
(34.7) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		1.3
(34.3) 		3.4
(38.1) 		7.1
(44.8) 		5.7
(42.3) 		10.0
(50.0) 		−0.7
(30.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 154.3
(6.07) 		193.0
(7.60) 		161.4
(6.35) 		165.4
(6.51) 		157.4
(6.20) 		117.2
(4.61) 		66.4
(2.61) 		82.2
(3.24) 		57.1
(2.25) 		72.3
(2.85) 		83.6
(3.29) 		147.2
(5.80) 		1,478.5
(58.21)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 10.6 11.3 11.4 11.6 10.0 9.5 6.8 5.5 5.6 6.9 6.7 9.9 105.8
Average relative humidity (%) 70 71 69 68 65 63 59 59 63 66 67 69 66
Source: Bureau of Meteorology[27]

Economy

[edit]

The Sunshine Coast economy has outpaced most of the regional economies in Australia in terms of growth over the last 15 years.[28] The strength of the regional economy is based in its diversity and strength across a number of key sectors including healthcare, education, finance and professional business services. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) data from the May 2019 Labour Force Survey indicate that around 184,200 people were employed in the Sunshine Coast region.[29] Health care and social assistance was the largest employment sector with 26,800 people, followed by construction with 26,500 people, and education and training with 21,200 people. Other important employment sectors in the region were accommodation and food services; retail trade; and professional, scientific and technical services. The agriculture, forestry and fishing sector employed 2,600 people, representing 1 per cent of the region's workforce.

Tourism

[edit]

The Sunshine Coast is a centre for tourism, attracting more than 3.2 million visitors a year.[30] There are significant attractions, such as Steve Irwin's Australia Zoo, UnderWater World marine park, Aussie World with the Ettamogah Pub, the Buderim Ginger Factory, the Big Pineapple, the Eumundi Markets and the Majestic Theatre, Pomona.

Sports tourism is supported by several annual sporting events such as the Mooloolaba Triathlon,[31] Noosa Triathlon[32] and Sunshine Coast Marathon.[33]

The Sunshine Coast is served by the Sunshine Coast Airport 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of Maroochydore, though many tourists also arrive from Brisbane Airport which is 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the south.

As of November 2020 the Sunshine Coast is home of NightQuarter, an Eat Street-style precinct with live music and other immersive experiences.[34]

The Sunshine Coast region is home to many tour operators which are supported by welcomed 3.6 million domestic overnight visitors in the year ending September 2021.[35] These visitors spent an estimated $2.7 billion in the region and help sustain local businesses.[36]

Agriculture

[edit]

In 2017–18, the gross value of agricultural production in the Sunshine Coast region was $217 million, which was 2 per cent of the total gross value of agricultural production in Queensland ($13 billion).

Agricultural land in the Sunshine Coast region occupies 1,100 square kilometres, or 36 per cent of the region. Areas classified as conservation and natural environments (nature conservation, protected areas and minimal use) occupy 880 square kilometres, or 29 per cent of the region. The most common land use by area is grazing native vegetation, which occupies 530 square kilometres or 17 per cent of the Sunshine Coast region.[29]

The Sunshine Coast region has a diverse agricultural sector. The most important commodities in the region based on the gross value of agricultural production were poultry ($66 million), followed by strawberries ($35 million) and milk ($29 million). These commodities together contributed 60 per cent of the total value of agricultural production in the region.[29]

Demographics

[edit]

At the 2016 census,[37] the population of the Sunshine Coast was 346,522. The median age was 44 years old, 6 years older than the nationwide median. The male-to-female ratio was 48.3-to-51.7. Most residents were born in Australia (73.7%), with 1.9% being Indigenous Australians. The most common countries of birth of other residents were England (6.2%), New Zealand (4.5%), South Africa (1.0%), Germany (0.7%), and Scotland (0.6%). The most commonly spoken languages other than English were German (0.6%), and Afrikaans, Dutch, French, and Italian (0.3% each). A large proportion of Sunshine Coast residents reported no religious affiliation (34.0%). Of those who had a religious affiliation, the most frequent were: Catholic (18.2%), Anglican (16.8%), and Uniting Church (5.2%).

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Sunshine Coast". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d "Regional population". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 26 July 2022. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  3. ^ "2016 Census Quickstats: Sunshine Coast". ABS Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  4. ^ "Sunshine Coast – district (entry 32861)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d Mathew, John (1910). Two Representative Tribes of Queensland. London: T. Fisher Unwin [page needed]
  6. ^ This Wikipedia article incorporates CC-BY-4.0 licensed text from: "Gubbi Gubbi". Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  7. ^ "Glass House Mountains National Park". Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  8. ^ GHD (March 2005). "Department of Natural Resources and Mines and Maroochy Shire Council" (PDF). p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  9. ^ Henley, John R. "The first settlers of the Nambour area". Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  10. ^ "Nambour – Sunshine Coast Regional Council". Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  11. ^ "Buderim – Sunshine Coast Regional Council". Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  12. ^ This Wikipedia article incorporates text from Shacks, sheds and cottages: Queensland 'Weekenders' in the early 20th century (7 October 2022) by Christina Ealing-Godbold published by the State Library of Queensland under CC BY licence, accessed on 24 January 2023.
  13. ^ "Cotton Tree Caravan Park (entry 602707 )". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  14. ^ "Will resist sand mines". The Courier-mail. Queensland, Australia. 20 October 1954. p. 10. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  15. ^ "£50 from Carnival and Sports at Caloundra". Nambour Chronicle and North Coast Advertiser. Vol. XXXIII, no. 1837. Queensland, Australia. 18 August 1939. p. 9. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  16. ^ Whittington, Dorothy (10 September 2021). "The 1960s estate that promised paradise north of the Maroochy River". Sunshine Coast News. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  17. ^ Whittington, Dorothy (10 December 2020). "Flashback: How we were almost named the Silver Coast". Sunshine Coast News. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  18. ^ Whittington, Dorothy (10 September 2021). "The 1960s estate that promised paradise north of the Maroochy River". Sunshine Coast News. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  19. ^ "The Big Pineapple (former Sunshine Plantation) (entry 602694 )". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  20. ^ "3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016: Queensland". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  21. ^ "Future Use of Sunshine Coast Cane Landscapes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  22. ^ "Australian Electoral Commission 2007 Results of plebiscites on council amalgamations". Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  23. ^ ecq.qld.gov.au Archived 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine – 013 Noosa Shire Council – Mayoral Election – 10 November 2013
  24. ^ "Sunshine Coast Australia.com National Parks Section". Archived from the original on 28 August 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  25. ^ "Mooloolaba Sea Temperature". seatemperature.org. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  26. ^ "Noosa Heads Sea Temperature". seatemperature.org. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  27. ^ "Sunshine Coast Airport". Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. April 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  28. ^ "Sunshine Coast Australia|Growing Economy". Sunshine Coast Council. 27 August 2019. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  29. ^ a b c "ABARES About my region – Sunshine Coast Queensland". www.agriculture.gov.au. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  30. ^ mmackander. "Coast leads the way when it comes to visitors". Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  31. ^ "USM Events – Mooloolaba Triathlon Festival". Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  32. ^ "USM Events – Noosa Triathlon Multi Sport Festival". Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  33. ^ Sunshine Coast Marathon Archived 19 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
  34. ^ Annett, Tegan. "Food, music market launches with huge opening weekend". Sunshine Coast Daily. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  35. ^ "Regional Summaries – Sunshine Coast". Tourism and Events Queensland. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022. The Sunshine Coast region welcomed 3.6 million domestic overnight visitors in the year ending September 2021.
  36. ^ "Sunshine Coast Tours". Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  37. ^ "2016 Census QuickStats: Sunshine Coast". quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
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