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Rembert Dodoens

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Rembert Dodoens
Engraving by Theodor de Bry, in Bibliotheca chalcographica (1669)
Born
Rembert Van Joenckema

29 June 1517
Mechelen, Flanders (now Belgium)
Died10 March 1585(1585-03-10) (aged 67)
Leiden, South Holland, The Netherlands
Resting placePieterskerk, Leiden
NationalityFlemish
Other namesRembertus Dodonaeus
Alma materUniversity of Leuven
Known forCruydboeck, a "Herbal"
Spouses
  • Kathelijne de Bruyn (1539–1572)
  • Maria Saerinen
Children5
Parent(s)Denis van Joenckema and Ursula Roelants
Scientific career
FieldsMedicine, botany
InstitutionsMechelin, Vienna, Leiden University
Author abbrev. (botany)Dodoens

Rembert Dodoens (born Rembert Van Joenckema, 29 June 1517 – 10 March 1585) was a Flemish physician and botanist, also known under his Latinized name Rembertus Dodonaeus. He has been called the father of botany.[a] The standard author abbreviation Dodoens is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[2]

Life

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Dodoens was born Rembert van Joenckema in Mechelen, then the capital of the Spanish Netherlands in 1517. His parents were Denis van Joenckema (d. 1533) and Ursula Roelants. The van Joenckema family and name are Frisian in origin. Its members were active in politics and jurisprudence in Friesland and some had moved in 1516 to Mechelen.[3] His father was one of the municipal physicians in Mechelen and a private physician to Margaret of Austria, Governor of the Netherlands, in her final illness. Margaret of Austria's court was based in Mechelen.[4] Rembert later changed his last name to Dodoens (literally "Son of Dodo", a form of his father's name, Denis or Doede).

Torcksch Coren (Turkish corn), illustration from the Cruÿdeboeck 1554

Education, marriage, and travels

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Dodoens was educated at the municipal college in Mechelen before beginning his studies in medicine, cosmography and geography at the age of 13 at the University of Leuven (Louvain), under Arnold Noot, Leonard Willemaer, Jean Heems, and Paul Roelswhere. He graduated with a licentiate in medicine in 1535, and as was the custom of the time, began extensive travels (Wanderjahren) in Europe till 1546, including Italy, Germany, France, and a stay in Basel 1542–1546. In 1539 he married Kathelijne De Bruyn (1517–1572), who came from a medical family in Mechelen. With her he had four children, Ursula (b. 1544), Denijs (b. 1548), Antonia, and Rembert Dodoens.[5] After his wife's death at the age of 55 in 1572, he married Maria Saerinen by whom he had a daughter, Johanna.[6]

Medical career

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In 1548, Dodoens followed in his father's footsteps by becoming one of the three municipal physicians in Mechelen together with Joachim Roelandts and Jacob De Moor.[3][7] In 1557, Dodoens turned down an offer of a chair at the University of Leuven. He also turned down an offer to become court physician of king Philip II of Spain. In 1575–1578, he was the court physician of the Holy Roman emperor Maximilian II and his successor Austrian emperor Rudolph II in Vienna. In 1582, he was appointed professor of medicine at the University of Leiden.[8] He died in Leiden in 1585, and was buried at Pieterskerk, Leiden.[8][9][3]

State of botanical science in Dodoens' time

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Title page of Part 6 of the Cruijdeboeck 1554

In the early sixteenth century the general belief was that the plant world had been completely described by Dioscorides in his De Materia Medica. During Dodoens' lifetime, botanical knowledge was undergoing enormous expansion, partly fueled by the expansion of the known plant world by New World exploration, the discovery of printing and the use of wood-block illustration. This period is thought of as a botanical Renaissance. Europe became fascinated with natural history from the 1530s, and gardening and cultivation of plants became a passion and prestigious pursuit from monarchs to universities. The first botanical gardens appeared as well as the first illustrated botanical encyclopaedias, together with thousands of watercolours and woodcuts. The experience of farmers, gardeners, foresters, apothecaries and physicians was being supplemented by the rise of the plant expert. Collecting became a discipline, specifically the Kunst- und Wunderkammern (cabinets of curiosities) outside of Italy and the study of naturalia became widespread through many social strata. The great botanists of the sixteenth century were all, like Dodoens, originally trained as physicians, who pursued a knowledge of plants not just for medicinal properties, but in their own right. Chairs in botany, within medical faculties were being established in European universities throughout the sixteenth century in reaction to this trend, and the scientific approach of observation, documentation and experimentation was being applied to the study of plants.[10]

Otto Brunfels published his Herbarium in 1530, followed by those of Jerome Bock (1539) and Leonhard Fuchs (1542), men that Kurt Sprengel would later call the "German fathers of botany". These men all influenced Dodoens, who was their successor.[10]

Publications

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Dodoens' initial works were published in the fields of cosmography and physiology. His De frugum historia (1552), a treatise on cereals, vegetables, and fodders [11] marked the beginning of a distinguished career in botany.

Cruydeboeck

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His herbal Cruydeboeck (herb book) with 715 images (1554, 1563)[12] was influenced by earlier German botanists, particularly that of Leonhart Fuchs. Of the drawings in the Cruydeboeck, 515 were borrowed from Leonhart Fuchs' New-Kreuterbüchlein (1543) while 200 new drawings were drawn by Pieter van der Borcht the Elder and the woodblocks cut by Arnold Nicolai.[13]

Rather than the traditional method of arranging the plants in alphabetical order, the Cruydeboeck divided the plant kingdom into six groups (Deel), based on their properties and affinities. It treated in detail especially the medicinal herbs, which made this work, in the eyes of many, a pharmacopoeia. This work and its various editions and translations became one of the most important botanical works of the late 16th century, part of its popularity being his use of the vernacular rather than the commonly used Latin.[3][8]

Title page of the Crvydt-Boeck (1618 ed.)

Translations

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The Cruydeboeck was translated first into French in 1557 by Charles de L'Ecluse (Histoire des Plantes),[14] and into English in 1578 by Henry Lyte (via L'Ecluse) (A new herbal, or historie of plants), and later into Latin in 1583 (Stirpium historiae pemptades sex).[15] The English version became a standard work in that language. At the time, it was the most translated book after the Bible. It became a work of worldwide renown, used as a reference book for two centuries.[b][16]

Expanded editions

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The Cruydeboeck's latin version published at the Plantin Press in Antwerp in 1583 under the title Stirpium historiae pemptades sex sive libri XXXs was a considerable revision. It contained new families, enlarged the number of groups from 6 to 26 and included many new illustrations, both original and borrowed. It was used by John Gerard as the source for his widely used Herball (1597).[8][17] Thomas Johnson, in his preface to his 1633 edition of Herball, explains the controversial use of Dodoens' work by Gerard.[c][17] The Latin version was also translated back into Dutch and published in 1608 in Leiden by the Plantin Press of Frans van Ravelingen under the title Crvydt-Boeck van Robertus Dodonaeus, volgens sijne laatste verbetering... etc. This edition included additional information on American plants prepared by Joost van Ravelingen, the brother of the publisher and a botanist and physician like Dodoens himself. The Dutch editions of 1618 and 1644 were reprints of this 1608 edition.[18] The 1644 edition had 1492 pages and 1367 woodcuts.[13]

List of selected publications

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See Vande Walle 2001a

  • Dodoens, Rembert (1533). Herbarium.
  • — (1543). Den Nieuwen Herbarius.
  • — (1548). Cosmographica in astronomiam et geographiam isagoge.
    • (1584) De sphaera sive de astronomiae et geographiae principiis cosmographica isagoge. Antwerp (2nd ed.)
  • Dodoens, Rembert (1552). De frugum historia, liber unus. Ejusdem epistolae duae, una de Fare, Chondro, Trago, Ptisana, Crimno et Alica; altera de Zytho et Cerevisia. Antwerp.
  • Dodoens, Rembert (1554). Trium priorum de stirpium historia commentariorum imagines.
  • Dodoens, Rembert (1554). Posteriorum trium de stirpium historia commentariorum imagines.
  • Dodoens, Rembert (1554). Des Cruydboeks (in Dutch and Latin) (1st ed.). Antwerp: J. van der Loe., also at Teylers Museum
  • Dodoens, Rembert (1566). Historia frumentorum, leguminum, palustrium et aquatilium herbarum acceorum, quae eo pertinent. Ex officina Christophori Plantini.[e]
  • Dodoens, Rembert (1574). Purgantium aliarumque eo facientium, tam et radicum, convolvulorum ac deletariarum herbarum historiae libri IIII.... Accessit appendix variarum et quidem rarissimarum nonnullarum stirpium, ac florum quorumdam peregrinorum elegantissimorumque icones omnino novas nec antea editas, singulorumque breves descriptiones continens... [On purgatives] (in Latin). Antwerp: Christophe Plantin. 2nd ed. 1576, see also Aboca Museum
  • Dodoens, Rembert (1550). Physiologices medicinae tabulae.
  • Dodoens, Rembert (1581). Medicinalium observationum exempla rara.
  • — (1583) [1554]. Stirpium historiae pemptades sex, sive libri XXX [Crvyd-boeck] (in Latin). Antwerp: Plantini.

Posthumous

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  • Praxis medica (1616)
  • Remberti Dodonaei Mechilensis ... stirpium historiae pemptades sex, sive libri XXX : varie ab Auctore, paullo ante Mortem, aucti & emendati. Antverpiae : Moretus / Plantin, 1616 Digital edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf.
  • Ars medica, ofte ghenees-kunst (1624)
  • Cruydt-Boeck (1644) (13th, last and most comprehensive edition, 5th Flemish ed.)

Works in translation

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Eponomy

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The plant genus Dodonaea was named after Dodoens, by Carl Linnaeus. The following species are also named after him: Epilobium dodonaei,: Comocladia dodonaea, Phellandrium dodonaei, Smyrnium dodonaei, Hypericum dodonaei and Pelargonium dodonaei .

Bibliography

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Books and articles

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Chapters

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Notes

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  1. ^ "Dodoens qui est incontestablement le père de la botanique"[1]
  2. ^ Het Cruijdeboeck, dat in 1554 verscheen. Dit meesterwerk was na de bijbel in die tijd het meest vertaalde boek. Het werd gedurende meer dan een eeuw steeds weer heruitgegeven en gedurende meer dan twee eeuwen was het het meest gebruikte handboek over kruiden in West-Europa. Het is een werk van wereldfaam en grote wetenschappelijke waarde. De nieuwe gedachten die Dodoens erin neerlegde, werden de bouwstenen voor de botanici en medici van latere generaties. (The Cruijdeboeck, published in 1554. This masterpiece was, after the bible, the most translated book in that time. It continued to be republished for more than a century and for more than two centuries it was the mostly used referential about herbs. It is a work with world fame and great scientific value. The new thoughts written down by Dodoens, became the building bricks for botanists and physicians of later generations)[16]
  3. ^ Rembertus Dodoneus a Physition borne at Mechlin in Brabant, about this time begun to write of Plants. Hee first set foorth a Historie in Dutch, which by Clusius was turned into French, with some additions, Anno Domini 1560. And this was translated out of French into English by Master Henry Lite, and set forth with figures, Anno Dom. 1578 and diuers times since printed, but without Figures… Afterwards hee put them all together, his former, and those his later Workes, and diuided into thirtie Bookes, and set them forth with 1305 figures, in fol. An. 1583. This edition was also translated into English.[17]
  4. ^ Cruydeboek: Illustrations by Pieter van der Borcht[19]
  5. ^ Historia frumentorum: Pieter van der Borcht made 60 drawings of plants for this herbarium that was published by Christopher Plantin in Antwerp[19]
  6. ^ Histoire des plantes ran to 27 editions[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b Mortier 1873.
  2. ^ International Plant Names Index.  Dodoens.
  3. ^ a b c d Florkin 2008.
  4. ^ Huskin 2007.
  5. ^ Homs 2015.
  6. ^ van Hee 2016.
  7. ^ Edward Worth 2017.
  8. ^ a b c d Luebering 2008.
  9. ^ Gilias et al 2016.
  10. ^ a b Visser 2001.
  11. ^ Dodoens 1552.
  12. ^ Dodoens 1554.
  13. ^ a b Vande Walle 2001.
  14. ^ Dodoens 1557.
  15. ^ Dodonaei 1583.
  16. ^ a b Plantaardigheden 2005.
  17. ^ a b c Gerard 2015.
  18. ^ Maurits Sabbe, Een en ander over Dodoens' Cruydboeck-uitgaven van 1608 en 1618 en de Van Ravelingen's in: De Gulden Passer. Jaargang 15, 1937, pp. 89-106 (in French)
  19. ^ a b Badke 2004.
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Media related to Rembert Dodoens at Wikimedia Commons

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