Jump to content

Vincent Gallo

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vincent Gallo
Gallo in 2004
Born (1961-04-11) April 11, 1961 (age 63)
EducationSweet Home High School
Occupations
  • Actor
  • filmmaker
  • musician
  • model
  • painter
Years active1981–present
Notable work
Musical career
Genres
Instruments
  • Vocals
  • bass guitar
  • guitar
LabelsWarp
Formerly of
Websitewww.vincentgallo.com

Vincent Gallo (born April 11, 1961)[1][2][3][4] is an American actor, filmmaker, and musician. He has won several accolades, including a Volpi Cup for Best Actor, and has been nominated for numerous more, including the Palme d'Or, the Golden Lion, and the Bronze Horse.

Following a childhood working for the local mafia, Gallo began his professional career as a Formula II motorcycle racer. He went on to become a successful painter and musician, working with Jean-Michel Basquiat and Lukas Haas. Gallo later became an actor and starred in films including Arizona Dream (1993), The House of the Spirits (1993), Palookaville (1995), The Funeral (1996), Freeway II: Confessions of a Trickbaby (1999), Trouble Every Day (2001), Stranded (2001), Tetro (2009), Metropia (2009), Essential Killing (2010), and The Legend of Kaspar Hauser (2012).

As a filmmaker, Gallo directed, wrote, and starred in three independent films, Buffalo '66 (1998), The Brown Bunny (2003), and Promises Written in Water (2010). Buffalo '66 received critical acclaim; The Brown Bunny proved divisive and sparked several controversies; and Promises Written in Water received mostly negative reviews, though a minority of critics lauded it.

Gallo has also directed and starred in numerous short films, including The Agent (2010), and several music videos, such as Going Inside, Cosmopolitan Bloodloss, and 99 Problems. Gallo has released several solo recordings on Warp Records, including the album When. As a model, he has been photographed for several fashion houses and brands including Calvin Klein, H&M, Supreme, Persol, and Yves Saint Laurent.

Gallo's work has gained a cult following,[5][4] especially in Japan.[6] Gallo's acting performances have been widely praised by critics, while his directorial work has proven divisive. Fans of Gallo's work have notably included Jean-Luc Godard, John Waters, Werner Herzog, Claire Denis, David Lowery, and Robert Pattinson.

Early life

[edit]

Vincent Gallo was born on April 11, 1961, in Buffalo, New York to Vincent Gallo Sr. and Janet Gallo. He is the second of three children, having an older brother, Charles, and a younger sister, Janine.[7] Gallo was raised Catholic, and made his First Communion in 1969.[8]

Gallo's parents are Sicilian and worked as hairdressers, with his father having retired to be "a gambler."[9] Gallo has described his parents as dishonest people, saying "If it was my birthday, I knew my mother took me to the K-Mart and she stole my toy. She'd put it in the shopping cart and we'd walk out. I was raised with that."[10] Growing up, Gallo says that his father was abusive and beat him on several occasions, including one instance where Gallo's father broke his nose. He has said that while growing up, his father was "this kind of dark, raging figurehead...That's not who he is today, but when I was a child there wasn't a day...when he didn't hit me, punish me, yell at me or tell me something I did wrong."[7] Gallo's mother also forbade him from decorating his own room, which he shared with his siblings and grandfather,[11] and from owning a guitar, leading Gallo to secretly hide the latter underneath his bed. Gallo has attributed his self-described controlling and perfectionist nature as a filmmaker to his childhood experiences.[11]

At the age of 12, Gallo worked for the local mafia in Buffalo, helping them to perform small crimes, such as carjacking and shoplifting. Gallo worked for the mafia for approximately one year, and desired to continue down a life of crime and become a powerful gangster. However, he was eventually convinced by a mafia member, who felt that Gallo was wasting his potential, to abandon it in favor of a legitimate career.[12]

After graduating from Sweet Home High School in 1978, Gallo left his home in Buffalo and ran away to New York City at the age of 16.[7][13] He took up various jobs, including ones working in a hi-fi guitar shop and as a restaurant dishwasher.[14]

Gallo went on to race motorbikes professionally, without training, in Formula II.[15] Gallo performed at a professional level in Grand Prix racing,[16] racing for Yamaha,[12] but never won a national championship. In the 1980's, he raced 125cc and 250cc WERA bikes; and later performed his own racing scenes in his 2004 film The Brown Bunny. In the film, Gallo rides a gold Honda NSR250, which he personally designed.[17] He also went on to become a successful painter.[10]

Film career

[edit]

20th century

[edit]

During Gallo's artistic period in the 1980s, when he worked as a musician and painter in New York City, he also began experimenting with film. Gallo created the short film "If You Feel Froggy, Jump" and appeared in the 1981 film Downtown 81 with painter Jean-Michel Basquiat. In 1984, Gallo acted in the No Wave film The Way It Is or Eurydice in the Avenues (1985) by Eric Mitchell, along with actors Steve Buscemi, Edwige Belmore, Mark Boone Junior and Rockets Redglare. After starring in the obscure 1989 film Doc's Kingdom, he began acting in small parts in more well-known films such as Goodfellas, The House of the Spirits, and The Perez Family. French director Claire Denis hired Gallo to act in several films such as the short film Keep It for Yourself, the made-for-TV U.S. Go Home, and its follow-up feature Nénette et Boni (1996)."[18]

In 1998, Gallo released his directorial debut film, Buffalo '66. The film received positive critical reception and was nominated for an award for "Best First Feature" at the Independent Spirit Awards.[18] Gallo made this drama for $1.5 million, serving as writer, director, lead actor, and composer/performer of the soundtrack. The release of Buffalo '66 "gained him a solid fan base."[18]

During filming, Gallo had difficulties working with actress Christina Ricci, who starred in the film alongside him. According to Ricci, Gallo was a "crazy lunatic man" and did not get alongside her on the set. Ricci also said that Gallo mocked her weight several years after the film released, and that she has no interest in ever seeing his other films.[19] Gallo disputes Ricci's account, and in 2018, wrote "I still smile when I see a picture of her and when she insults me in the press it reminds me that we are connected in some way, and for that I am grateful. Christina Ricci was my friend during the filming of Buffalo 66 and working with her made sense and felt natural....I insulted her jokingly one day to a friend and a sneaky gossip writer overheard me. Christina and I have not spoken since."[20]

2000s

[edit]

In 2001, Gallo again collaborated with Denis, and appeared in her film Trouble Every Day.[21]

In 2003, Gallo starred in and directed the film The Brown Bunny, which chronicles a motorcycle racer's cross-country road trip and co-starred Chloë Sevigny. The film, which contained a scene of Sevigny performing unsimulated oral sex upon Gallo, received an overwhelmingly negative critical response to its Cannes premiere and became a media scandal, in part due to Gallo's use of a still image from a sex scene on a promotional billboard. In part, the critical response discussed whether Sevigny had been pressured into performing a sex act by Gallo. Andrea LeVasseur of Allmovie said that The Brown Bunny "premiered to much derision at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival."[18] Film critic Roger Ebert stated that The Brown Bunny was the worst film in the history of Cannes.[22] Gallo retorted by calling Ebert a "fat pig with the physique of a slave trader" and put a hex on Ebert, wishing him colon cancer.[22] Ebert then responded – adapting a statement made by Winston Churchill – that, "although I am fat, one day I will be thin, but Mr. Gallo will still have been the director of The Brown Bunny."[23] In 2003, several media sources later reported that Gallo apologized to Ebert, but Gallo disputed this, saying "I never apologized for anything in my life...The only thing I am sorry about is putting a curse on Roger Ebert's colon. If a fat pig like Roger Ebert doesn't like my movie then I'm sorry for him."[24]

In 2004, Gallo and Ebert appeared to have reconciled, and Ebert ended up giving a thumbs up to a re-edited version of The Brown Bunny.[25] However, in a 2018 article, written after Ebert's death, Gallo accused Ebert's review of the re-edited version as being "far fetched and an outright lie."[20]

Gallo was strongly considered for and almost cast as Uncle Rico in the 2004 film Napoleon Dynamite, though the role ultimately went to Jon Gries.[26]

In 2008, Gallo was cast as the titular character in Francis Ford Coppola's drama film Tetro (2009).[27]

2010s

[edit]

In 2010, Gallo won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the 67th Venice International Film Festival for his non-speaking role in Essential Killing. Gallo did not attend the ceremony to accept his award in person, leaving the duty to the film's director Jerzy Skolimowski, who tried to get the actor to reveal himself, leading the audience in a chant of his name. Gallo was not in attendance.[28][29]

At the festival, Gallo's third feature film, Promises Written in Water, debuted. It was also screened once at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival. The film received polarized and mostly negative reviews from critics, though several positive reviews cited it as one of the year's greatest films. The film was nominated for the Golden Lion.

Gallo has stated that he has no plans to ever distribute the film and allow it to be seen again, as "I do not want my new works to be generated in a market or audience of any kind." He also added that allowing the film only ever being shown at two screenings was part of a deal he made with Delfine Bafort, who starred in the film.[30] Gallo explained in a 2011 interview that the film would be "allowed to rest in peace, and stored without being exposed to the dark energies from the public."[31] As of 2024, Promises Written in Water is not available to watch, and has not been screened since 2010.

During the Venice festival, Gallo also released a short film, titled The Agent, which was nominated for Best Short Film. The Agent starred Sage Stallone, and has also only ever been screened twice, with Gallo having no plans to re-release it to the public.[20]

In 2012, Gallo starred in Davide Manuli's The Legend of Kaspar Hauser, a modern-western interpretation of the German legend of Kaspar Hauser which premiered at the International Film Festival Rotterdam. Gallo plays the two largest roles in the film, the English-speaking Sheriff and the Italian-speaking assassin.[32] Later that year, he appeared in Julie Delpy's 2 Days in New York, in a cameo role as himself. In the film, Gallo appears as a Mephistopheles-like version of himself, who purchases the protagonist's (Delpy) soul, after she puts it up for auction.[33] Delpy wrote the role with Gallo specifically in mind, who agreed to the part after reading the screenplay.[34]

In 2013, Gallo's website listed that he had directed, written, produced, and acted in his fourth feature film, April. It states that the film is 88 minutes long, stars Gallo as the lead character Seth Goldstone, and co-stars pornographic actor Jamie Gillis. The film has never been released, leading to speculation about the nature of the project.[35] That year, Gallo also co-starred with Kōichi Satō and Yoo Ji-tae in Junji Sakamoto's film, Human Trust.[36]

2020s

[edit]

In 2022, Gallo appeared in D. J. Caruso's film Shut In. Released by The Daily Wire, Shut In marked Gallo's first acting role since 2013.[4]

In 2024, it was revealed that Gallo is set to appear alongside actor James Franco in Jordan Gertner's upcoming film The Policeman, where Gallo will portray serial killer Joseph James DeAngelo. Gertner previously served as a producer for Buffalo '66 (1998).[37] The Policeman has completed filming and is now in post-production.[38]

After filming, reports emerged that Gallo was anonymously accused by two actresses, who do not star in the film, of making lewd comments during auditions. Their allegation promoted an investigation by the Screen Actors Guild, who monitored the film's production. Gertner and the film's production company, Pacific Media Productions, both issued a statement in defense of Gallo. Their statement said that an intimacy coordinator was utilized during filming and that "the production of the picture was carried out in a safe, protective and respectful environment"; while adding that the film's cast and crew are "proud of the movie we have made."[38]

Music and modeling career

[edit]

Music

[edit]
Gallo performing in 2005

Gallo played electric bass and sang in the mid-1970s in several adolescent garage bands such as Blue Mood; a progressive rock cover band named Zephyr (not to be confused with the late 1960s band of the same name, or the 1980s Johnny Goudie-fronted band of the same name) which did one performance at Lincoln Park, Tonawanda, New York in 1978; The Good (with Bernie Kugel and Larry Galanowitz); The Detours; and the Plastics.[39] At the age of 16, Gallo moved to New York City and was a later member of the band Gray, with visual artist Jean-Michel Basquiat. Gray played at clubs such as Max's Kansas City, CBGB's, Hurrahs, and the Mudd Club. A few of Gray's recordings appear on the soundtrack for the film Downtown 81.[40]

In 1984, Gallo (using the name "Prince Vince") also appeared as a dancer on an unsold TV pilot for a hip-hop dance show called Graffiti Rock.

Gallo played in a band called Bohack, which recorded an album entitled It Took Several Wives.[39] When Bohack disbanded, Gallo turned his attention to acting, directing, and composing in films. He wrote songs for the soundtrack of the 1998 film Buffalo 66. He played in a rock band with Lukas Haas called Bunny, and Gallo put out his own album which he wrote, performed and produced under Warp Records, titled When.[39][41]

On August 3, 2013, Vincent Gallo headlined the 3rd Annual San Frandelic Summer Fest in San Francisco.[42]

Gallo directed music videos for the songs "Going Inside" by John Frusciante, and "Anemone" by L'Arc-en-Ciel.[43] He also starred in the music videos for "Bitter" by Lit, "Cosmopolitan Bloodloss" by Glassjaw, and "Grounded" by My Vitriol.

Modeling

[edit]

In 1990, Gallo modeled for Calvin Klein.[13] In 2007, Gallo modeled for Stefano Pilati's menswear campaign,[44] and was also photographed for Supreme.[45] In 2009, Gallo appeared as a model in H&M Spring Collection alongside Eva Herzigova.[46] He later did a fashion campaign and photo shoot with G-Star Raw jeans in Fall 2011.[47] In 2017, Gallo modeled glasses for Persol in their Spring/Summer campaign.[48] From 2017 through 2018, Gallo also appeared as a model, photographed in black-and-white, in the Saint Laurent SS18 campaign.[44]

Additionally, Gallo has stated that he once walked in a fashion show for designer Anna Sui, but left her disappointed by his performance, and was never hired by Sui again.[49]

Personal life

[edit]

Gallo lives in Arizona,[50] owning a $3.25 million mansion in Tucson.[51] Gallo previously owned a condo at Trump Tower, as well as apartments in buildings designed by Jean Nouvel and Richard Meier.[52] Gallo is a teetotaler.[10][53] He is a collector of vinyl records and pre-war sound equipment.[54]

During his childhood, Gallo was close friends with author William S. Burroughs, and lived in Burroughs' house for six months.[55] Gallo also knew poet John Giorno, who lived with Burroughs at the time. Throughout their lives, Burroughs and Gallo exchanged postcards, letters, and mixtapes.[11] Ohio State University holds one of Gallo's letters to Burroughs among its archival collection.[56]

In 1984, Gallo was married to a woman for just 10 weeks, before their relationship ended.[10] Gallo once dated socialite Paris Hilton;[57] and has reportedly dated musician P.J. Harvey.[58] Gallo has held close friendships with musician Johnny Ramone (prior to Ramone's death in 2004),[59] musician John Frusciante,[60] and actress Milla Jovovich.[61] As of 2024, Gallo is believed to be dating Afton "Star" Burton, the former fiancee of cult leader Charles Manson.[62]

On May 24, 2001, Gallo successfully sued actor John Ventimiglia for assault and battery. The New York Supreme Court decided the case in Gallo's favor in Gallo v. Ventimiglia (2001).[63]

Gallo has garnered fame for making incendiary and provocative comments. When once asked by an interviewer if he was Jewish, Gallo replied, "No, I do not have the Jew gene."[5] On his website, Gallo offers himself as an escort to women for $50,000; and sells his sperm for $1,000,000.[64] His website has been labeled as satirical by media outlets such as The Daily Wire,[4] and has drawn the scorn of other outlets, such as The Guardian.[65] Gallo has stated in interviews that his website and provocative statements are satire, and has mocked critics who have interpreted them as serious.[66][67]

Politics

[edit]

"A lot of people think of me as homophobic, a racist, a sexist, a nationalist, a Bush lover, a Nixon lover. The truth is, I'm reactive against protest, because I think protest comes from ego. The ugliest sound I ever heard in my life was coming from an anti-war protest. The most angry, bitter voices, I ever heard in my fucking life...You give more attention to inequality by protest." - Gallo, "The Context of Gallo" interview (2009)[68]

Gallo is a lifelong Republican[69] and a conservative.[70] He holds anti-abortion,[68] anti-drug, and anti-pornography views.[15] Gallo once authored an anti-abortion opinion piece in BlackBook.[68]

Gallo is a fan of U.S. President Richard Nixon, describing him as an "intellectual".[69] Gallo claims to have met Nixon when he was six years old, during the time when he lived with Burroughs.[5]

In 2004, Gallo appeared in the documentary, Rated R: Republicans in Hollywood, discussing the political discrimination he has faced in the film industry as a conservative.[71] He also spoke at the Women's National Republican Club, where he expressed his support for President George W. Bush, saying that "you know the United States has a great President...when the French hate him!"[70] Later that year, Gallo also met Barbara Bush and Lauren Bush, attending a fashion show alongside them.[72]

In 2018, Gallo expressed his support for President Donald Trump, writing that he is "extremely proud [Trump] is the American President."[20][73] In 2022, he also praised then-Democratic Senator Kyrsten Sinema as an "open minded and thoughtful" politician, who "adds productive ideological diversity and balance to our beautiful country";[50] and donated $250 to the campaign of Republican Representative Juan Ciscomani.[74]

In August 2024, Gallo met Trump and endorsed him in the 2024 presidential election;[75][76] while calling Trump "the greatest president the USA has ever produced."[62]

Views on film and music

[edit]

In 1998, Gallo listed Pier Paolo Pasolini as his favorite director, and Mauro Bolognini's Il bell'Antonio (1960) as his favorite film.[77][failed verification][better source needed] In 2009, Gallo instead listed Francis Ford Coppola's The Rain People (1969) as his favorite film.[78] He has cited Warren Beatty as one of his favorite actors,[79] as well as his "idol".[80]

In a 1998 interview with Elvis Mitchell, Gallo explained that his taste in films is "hokey". He has listed The Boy in the Plastic Bubble (1976), All Fall Down (1962),[81] Lilith (1964), Mickey One (1965), The Ravine (1969), The Only Game in Town (1970), The Panic in Needle Park (1971), The Gambler (1974), The Death of Richie (1977), The Beyond (1981), and Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo (1999) among his favorite films.[82][79][83] In his interview with Mitchell, Gallo also stated that his films are heavily inspired by music, describing Buffalo '66 as a "pure musical."[84] Gallo has also expressed a preference for mixing his films with a mono audio track, as opposed to surround sound.[85]

Although a member,[86] Gallo has expressed disdain for the Screen Actors Guild, calling them "a self-serving union that has never had the best intentions of its membership in mind".[87]

Gallo has cited King Crimson's In the Court of the Crimson King as his favorite album. He used the album's track "Moonchild" during a dance sequence in his film Buffalo '66.[88] He has also called the Ramones the greatest band of all time.[89]

Public reception

[edit]

Gallo's acting performances have received generally positive reviews from film critics. Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club praised Gallo's performance in Freeway II: Confessions of a Trickbaby as "ever-eccentric" and "profound".[90] Film critic Roger Ebert frequently praised Gallo's performances, including those in The Brown Bunny (2004),[91] Tetro (2009),[92] Essential Killing (2010),[93] and 2 Days in New York (2012).[94] Gallo's performance in Shut In (2022) was singled out and praised by Cath Clarke of The Guardian and John Semley of The New Republic, who gave the film itself negative reviews.[95][96]

Gallo's directional work has received more polarized reception from critics. Buffalo '66 (1998) received generally positive reviews from critics, and was praised by Ebert,[97] Elvis Mitchell,[98] and Andrew Johnston.[99] Conversely, The Brown Bunny (2004) received mixed reviews. Ebert described the initial 119-minute festival cut of the film as the worst film in the history of Cannes, though later praised the 93-minute cut of the film, awarding it 3/4 stars.[91] Moria McDonald of The Seattle Times gave the film a negative review, calling it a "self-indulgent and seemingly endless road movie".[100] Manohla Dargis gave the film a mixed review, describing it as "Neither an atrocity nor a revelation".[101] Promises Written in Water (2010) received mostly negative reviews, including from Leslie Felperin of Variety,[102] Deborah Young of The Hollywood Reporter,[103] and Xan Brooks of The Guardian.[104] It received a mixed review from Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club,[105] and a positive one from Truls Lie of Modern Times Review.[106]

In 2010, Empire listed Buffalo '66 (1998) as the 36th-greatest independent film ever made, calling it a "mini masterpiece".[107] French cinema magazine Les Cahiers du Cinéma voted The Brown Bunny (2004) one of the ten best films of the year;[108] while The Daily Telegraph listed it as one of the 100 "defining" films of the decade.[109] Film Comment also included it among the best unreleased films of 2003, ranking it 14th.[110]

Gallo's directorial work has been acclaimed by many within the film industry. The Brown Bunny (2004) has been praised by individuals including Jean-Luc Godard, John Waters, Werner Herzog, Sean Penn,[111] Josh Safdie,[112][113] Claire Denis,[114] and David Lowery.[115] Promises Written in Water (2010) was hailed as one of the greatest films of the decade by cinematographer Sean Price Williams.[116] Actor Robert Pattinson has also cited Gallo's performance in Arizona Dream (1993) as influential on his career.[117]

Filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola stated that he was warned against working with Gallo, with many in the film industry describing Gallo as "a nightmare." Nonetheless, Coppola chose to cast Gallo in Tetro (2009), and said that he found Gallo "was very intelligent and a pleasure to work with."[118] Filmmaker Jerzy Skolimowski praised Gallo's performances and described him as a method actor, but stated that he was difficult to direct and prone to anger.[119] Filmmaker Josh Safdie has also said that Gallo is "a genius. One of the smartest people I’ve ever met and known – funniest too";[113] while filmmaker Caveh Zahedi has written that Gallo is "one of the most talented directors of his generation".[83] Additionally, actor Kevin Corrigan has described Gallo as "really funny",[120] while actresses Chloë Sevigny,[111] Julie Delpy,[121] and Courteney Cox[122] have all spoken positively about their experiences working alongside Gallo. Actor Alden Ehrenreich has also praised Gallo as "fascinating".[123] Conversely, actress Christina Ricci described her experience with Gallo as "working with a crazy lunatic man", and vowed to never work with him again.[19]

Entertainment Weekly has described Gallo as "rapturous, hilarious, and notoriously acerbic",[124] while The Independent has written that "Gallo may have an ego the size of a hot-air balloon, but even an hour in his company is wildly entertaining."[118] The Guardian has called him a "narcissistic, fantastic director"[125] and said that Gallo "has a reputation as not only one of the most paranoid, controlling men in movies, but also one of the funniest."[5] The Austin Chronicle has written that Gallo is "Equally detested and adored".[57] In 2011, GQ included Gallo on their list of The 25 Most Stylish Directors of All Time.[126]

Among the general public, Gallo possesses a cult following, mostly relating to his films Buffalo '66 (1998) and The Brown Bunny (2004).[5][4] Gallo's cult following remains especially popular in Japan, having begun shortly after Buffalo '66 was released in the country in 1999.[6] The Hara Museum of Contemporary Art in Japan featured a survey of Gallo's art, titled the Vincent Gallo Retrospective 1977-2002, holding roughly 120 paintings, drawings and photographs by Gallo;[127] prior to its closure in 2021.

In other media

[edit]

Gallo's popularity in Japan led to him appearing or being referenced in several Japanese video games, manga comics, and anime films.

Filmography

[edit]

Feature films

[edit]
Year Title Director Writer Producer Editor Composer Notes
1990 Breath of Life No No Yes No No [citation needed]
1998 Buffalo 66 Yes Yes No No Yes
2003 The Brown Bunny Yes Yes Yes Yes No Also DOP
2010 Promises Written in Water Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
N/A April Yes Yes Yes No No Unreleased 2013 film[131]

Acting performances

Key
Denotes films that have not yet been released
Year Title Role Notes
1985 The Way It Is Victor / Heurtebise
1988 Doc's Kingdom Jimmy
1990 Goodfellas Henry's '70s Crew #3
1991 A Idade Maior Mario a.k.a. Alex
1993 Arizona Dream Paul Leger
The House of the Spirits Esteban Garcia
1995 Angela Preacher
The Perez Family Orlando
Palookaville Russell Pataki
1996 Nénette and Boni Vincenzo Brown
The Funeral Johnny
1997 Truth or Consequences, NM Raymond Lembecke
1998 Buffalo '66 Billy Brown
Johnny 316 Johnny
Goodbye Lover Mike Uncredited
L.A. Without a Map Moss
1999 Freeway II: Confessions of a Trickbaby Sister Gomez
2000 Hide and Seek Frank
2001 Trouble Every Day Shane Brown
Stranded Luca Baglioni
Get Well Soon Bobby Bishop / Kevin Moss
2003 The Brown Bunny Bud Clay
Gli indesiderabili Antonino 'Tony' Bendando
2006 Moscow Zero Owen
2007 Oliviero Rising Oliviero Olivieri
2009 Tetro Angelo 'Tetro' Tetrocini
Metropia Roger Olofsson Voice role
2010 Essential Killing Mohammed
Promises Written in Water Kevin
2011 Loosies Jax
2012 The Legend of Kaspar Hauser Pusher / Sheriff
Two Days in New York Himself Uncredited
2013 Human Trust Harold Marcus
2022 Shut In Sammy
TBA The Policeman Joseph James DeAngelo Upcoming film

Television

[edit]
Year Title Role Notes
1984 Graffiti Rock Dancer Pilot
1987 Crime Story Charlie Riccio Episode: "Ground Zero"
1989 The Equalizer Tony Santiago Episode: "Heart of Justice"
1994 Tous les garçons et les filles de leur âge... Captain Brown Episode: "U.S. Go Home"
2002 The Groovenians Nixon Pilot; Voice role
2004 Rated R: Republicans in Hollywood Himself Television documentary film
2007 Dirt Sammy Winter Episode: "This Is Not Your Father's Hostage Situation"

Short films

[edit]
Year Title Director Actor Notes
1979 A Vincent Gallo as Jesus Christ No Yes Directed by Michael Holman
1980 If You Feel Froggy, Jump Yes Yes
1984 Too Many Fish No Yes Directed by Michael Holman
Gaslight LeStat No Yes Directed by Michael Holman
1986 The Gun Lover Yes Yes
Wedding Yes Yes
1988 That Smell Yes Yes
1989 Gallo 2000 Yes Yes
1991 Keep It for Yourself No Yes
1993 The Hanging No Yes Directed by Victoria Leacock
1994 U.S. Go Home No Yes Directed by Claire Denis
Casting Director Billy Hopkins Leaves a Message for Vincent Gallo Yes Yes
1997 Buffalo 66 Trailer Yes Yes Included on the 2014 Lionsgate Blu-ray release of Buffalo '66
Vincent Gallo Directs Yes Yes
Vincent Gallo Has a Thing or Two to Say About the British Yes Yes
Looking for Enemies Finding Friends Yes Yes Described as a "self-portrait of Vincent Gallo NYC 1997"
1999 Live Love Drive Yes Yes
2000 Anemone Yes No
2001 Honey Bunny Yes Yes
John Frusciante Plays and Sings Yes No
2003 The Brown Bunny Trailers Yes Yes Included on the 2005 Sony DVD release of The Brown Bunny
The Curse of Manuel Chiche Yes Yes
2004 Vincent Gallo vs Sonic Youth No Yes Directed by Chris Habib
Akiko Yes No
2009 1989 No Yes Directed by Camilo Matiz
2010 Anea 17 Yes No
The Agent Yes Yes
2014 United States Wins the World Cup Yes No

Music videos

[edit]
Year Artist Song Director Appearance
1996 Lit Bitter No Yes
2001 My Vitriol Grounded No Yes
John Frusciante Going Inside Yes No
L'Arc-en-Ciel Anemone Yes No
2002 Glassjaw Cosmopolitan Bloodloss No Yes
2004 Jay-Z 99 Problems No Yes

Discography

[edit]

Albums

[edit]
  • It Took Several Wives (1982, Family Friend Records) as Bohack
  • The Way It Is Soundtrack (1984, Rojo Records)
  • Buffalo '66 Soundtrack (1998, Will Records)
  • When (2001, Warp Records)
  • Recordings of Music for Film (2002, Warp Records)

EPs

[edit]
  • So Sad (2001, Warp Records)

Singles

[edit]
  • Honey Bunny (2001, Warp Records)

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Vincent Gallo: Paintings and Drawings, 1982-1988. Kyoto, Japan: Kyoto Shoin. 1989. ISBN 978-4763685230. OCLC 21964055.
  • Vincent Gallo 1962-1999. Osaka, Japan: Petit Grand Publishing, Inc. 1999. ISBN 978-4309903538. OCLC 52101992.
  • Live, Love, Drive: Photographs By Vincent Gallo. Japan: Little More. 1999. ISBN 978-4898150092.
  • "Vincent Gallo (Open Letter)". Another Man. No. 26. September 27, 2018.

Illustration

[edit]

Awards and nominations

[edit]
Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref.
1998 Deauville Film Festival Grand Special Prize Buffalo '66 Nominated
1998 Gijón International Film Festival Special Prize of the Young Jury Won
Grand Prix Asturias Nominated
1998 Gotham Awards Open Palm Award Nominated
1998 National Board of Review Special recognition Won
1998 New York Film Critics Circle Best First Film Nominated
1998 Stockholm International Film Festival Bronze Horse: Best Film Nominated
1998 Sundance Film Festival Dramatic Competition Nominated
1999 British Independent Film Awards Best Foreign Independent Film - English Language Nominated
1999 Golden Trailer Awards Best Art and Commerce Nominated
1999 Independent Spirit Awards Best First Feature Nominated
1999 International Film Festival Rotterdam Moviezone Award Won
2002 Fantafestival Best Actor Stranded Won
2003 Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or The Brown Bunny Nominated
2003 Thessaloniki International Film Festival Golden Alexander Nominated
2003 Vienna International Film Festival FIPRESCI Prize Won [132]
2003 Village Voice Film Poll Best Undistributed Film Nominated
2004 Cahiers du Cinéma Top Ten Film Award Sixth place; tied
2010 Mar del Plata International Film Festival Best Actor Essential Killing Won
2010 Venice Film Festival Best Actor Won
Golden Lion Promises Written in Water Nominated [133]
Best Short Film The Agent Nominated [134]
2011 Polish Film Award Best Actor Essential Killing Nominated

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Gallo, Vincent. "Vincent Gallo's biography". vincentgallo.com. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  2. ^ Welsh, James M.; Phillips, Gene D.; Hill, Rodney F. (August 27, 2010). The Francis Ford Coppola Encyclopedia. Scarecrow Press. p. 93. ISBN 9780810876514.
  3. ^ Young, Rob (2005). Warp: Labels Unlimited. Black Dog. p. 165.
  4. ^ a b c d e Wiseman, Andrea (December 1, 2021). "Vincent Gallo Returns To Acting In The Daily Wire Movie 'Shut In'". Deadline Hollywood.
  5. ^ a b c d e Peretti, Jacques (November 13, 2003). "'You are a bad man trying to do bad things to Vincent'". The Guardian.
  6. ^ a b Dipietro, Monty (August 7, 2002). "Vincent Gallo: the one that got away". Japan Times. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021.
  7. ^ a b c Kuczynski, Alex (June 28, 1998). "Vincent Gallo's American Buffalo". The New York Times.
  8. ^ "Vincent Gallo's St. Anthony Medallion From His 1st Holy Communion". VincentGallo.com. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
  9. ^ Spencer, Liese (October 1, 1998). "Handpicked to be a wise guy". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on August 17, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
  10. ^ a b c d Smith, Andrew (September 29, 2001). "Buffalo boy". The Guardian.
  11. ^ a b c "Gallo's Humor: FFC Interviews Vincent Gallo". Filmfreakcentral.com. August 22, 2004.
  12. ^ a b Sanders, Michael (1997). "Vincent Gallo: mad, bad, and dangerous to know". Dazed Digital.
  13. ^ a b Githens, Lauri (January 12, 1997). "REBEL WITHOUT A PAUSE THE NON-STOP, OUT-THERE LIFE OF ACTOR VINCENT GALLO". The Buffalo News.
  14. ^ Engelbrekston, Lisa (September 30, 2008). "Vincent Gallo Comes to SOhO". Santa Barbara Independent.
  15. ^ a b Kennedy, Randy (August 15, 2004). "FILM; Vincent Gallo Dares You To See It (If You Can Find It)". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021.
  16. ^ Kemp, Sam (April 8, 2023). "Four filmmakers Vincent Gallo loathes: "He hasn't made a good film in 25 years"". Far Out.
  17. ^ Staff (July 7, 2005). "Motorcycle racing emerges as the hippest new celebrity fascination". Montery County Weekly.
  18. ^ a b c d Andrea LeVasseur (2008). "Vincent Gallo biography". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 13, 2008. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
  19. ^ a b "Christina Ricci interview". Archived from the original on April 11, 2008.
  20. ^ a b c d Gallo, Vincent (March 20, 2018). "An Essay by Vincent Gallo – Unfiltered and Unedited". Another Man.
  21. ^ Elley, Derek (May 14, 2001). "Trouble Every Day". Variety.
  22. ^ a b Ebert, Roger (2005). Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2006. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-5538-5.
  23. ^ Ebert, Roger (2006). Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2007. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-6157-7.
  24. ^ "Gallo: I never apologised for Brown Bunny". The Guardian. June 3, 2003.
  25. ^ "The Brown Bunny Movie Review & Film Summary (2004)". Roger Ebert. September 3, 2004. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  26. ^ Gunatilaka, Timothy (May 19, 2006). "Is the reissued special edition of Napoleon Dynamite worth buying?". Entertainment Weekly.
  27. ^ Miller, Winter (March 9, 2008). "French Cops lead in 'Tetro'". Variety.
  28. ^ iofilm (September 13, 2010). "Essential Killing Takes Triple at Venice". inside out film. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
  29. ^ BBC News Staff (May 7, 2010). "Quentin Tarantino denies Venice nepotism claim". BBC News. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
  30. ^ Jagernauth, Kevin (July 29, 2011). "Vincent Gallo Doesn't Plan On Releasing 'Promises Written In Water'". IndieWire.
  31. ^ Lim, Dennis (June 8, 2012). "R.I.P. 'Promises,' It Was Nice Knowing You". New York Times.
  32. ^ Harris, Brandon (February 2012). "Rotterdam Review: Vincent Gallo's Unhinged, Dual Role Performance Can't Save Pretentious 'Legend Of Kaspar Hauser'". IndieWire.
  33. ^ Ebert, Roger (August 15, 2012). "Guess who's coming to dinner: Papa". RogerEbert.com.
  34. ^ Vineyard, Jen (August 10, 2012). "Julie Delpy Talks Exposing Herself In '2 Days In New York' & Talks About The Film's Great Cameo". IndieWire.
  35. ^ Schmidlin, Chris (August 9, 2013). "Will It See The Light Of Day? Vincent Gallo Reveals New Project 'April' Co-Starring Late Porn Star Jamie Gillis". IndieWire.
  36. ^ Schmidlin, Charlie (July 12, 2013). "Vincent Gallo Joins Japanese Thriller 'Human Trust' Co-Starring Kôichi Satô & 'Oldboy' Star Yu Ji-Tae". IndieWire.
  37. ^ Meyers, Ashley Scott (August 28, 2023). "SELLING YOUR SCREENPLAY: Ep. 498 - Make the Stories You Want to Tell with Jordan Gertner". ScriptMag.
  38. ^ a b Kilkenny, Katie (January 11, 2024). "Vincent Gallo Accused of Making Sexually Explicit Comments in Auditions for Golden State Killer Movie". The Hollywood Reporter.
  39. ^ a b c Allmusic ((( Vincent Gallo – Biography )))
  40. ^ Allmusic ((( Downtown 81 > Overview )))
  41. ^ "CD REVIEWS: Hayden, Ozzy Osbourne, Sloan, The Tea Party and many more"[usurped]. Chart Attack, October 16, 2001, by Debbie Bento
  42. ^ "3rd Annual San Frandelic Summerfest w/ Vincent Gallo, Spindrift & More!". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  43. ^ "John Frusciante music videos". Music Video Database. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
  44. ^ a b "Vincent Gallo returns to front the SS18 Saint Laurent campaign". Hero (magazine). March 12, 2018.
  45. ^ "Magazine for A/W 2007". Supreme.com. October 25, 2007.
  46. ^ "H&M Spring 2009 : Eva Herzigova, Shalom Harlow and Vincent Gallo". the Fashion Spot. Archived from the original on March 11, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  47. ^ "Vincent Gallo". G-Star RAW. G-Star RAW inc. May 14, 2013. Archived from the original on February 3, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
  48. ^ "Vincent Gallo Stars in New Persol Campaign". The Fashionisto. February 27, 2017.
  49. ^ "Vincent Gallo Wants You Out of Those Jeans". The Cut. September 11, 2007.
  50. ^ a b Zilko, Christian (January 16, 2022). "Vincent Gallo Praises Kyrsten Sinema as 'Free Thinking, Sensitive, and Thoughtful'". IndieWire.
  51. ^ Knott, Gloria (September 9, 2018). "Director who calls himself the "Donald Trump of Cannes" buys Tucson mansion". Tucson.com.
  52. ^ Verde, Ben (February 15, 2022). "Vincent Gallo sells Trump Tower condo for $1.59M". InMan.
  53. ^ Smith, Damon (January 31, 2002). "Good fella: The musical adventures of Vincent Gallo". The Phoenix. Archived from the original on February 9, 2002. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
  54. ^ Mitchell, Elvis (August 21, 1998). "Vincent Gallo - The Treatment". KCRW (Podcast). Event occurs at 8:20.
  55. ^ Gibbons, Fiachra (May 21, 2003). "Bad boy Vincent treats festival to Gallo humour". The Guardian.
  56. ^ Bennett, John M. (May 1999). "WILLIAM S. BURROUGHS PAPERS, WSB97: GUIDE AND INVENTORY".
  57. ^ a b Fagan, Mark (November 30, 2007). "Man of a Thousand Faces - Vincent Gallo Makes Music in Austin". The Austin Chronicle.
  58. ^ Hasted, Nick (April 8, 2004). "Vincent Gallo, Royal Festival Hall, London". The Independent.
  59. ^ Boucher, Geoff (January 15, 2015). "In Death, He Wants to Be Celebrated". Los Angeles Times.
  60. ^ Tobias, Scott (September 1, 2004). "Vincent Gallo". AV Club.
  61. ^ Gallo, Vincent; Jovovich, Milla; Leitch Jr., Donovan (2006). Vincent Gallo, 2006 Radio Interview, feat. Milla Jovovich.
  62. ^ a b Neale, Spencer (September 2, 2024). "Gallo's Humor". The American Conservative.
  63. ^ "Gallo v. Ventimiglia". 2001. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  64. ^ Gidick, Sarah (March 23, 2018). "#SocialGathering: Vincent Gallo's Another Man Essay, Explained". Hollywood Reporter.
  65. ^ Heritage, Stuart (January 4, 2010). "I could have Vincent Gallo's baby". The Guardian.
  66. ^ Alson, Stuart. "Vincent Gallo". Independent Film Quarterly. I think the liberal mainstreamers in the press may be trying hard to eliminate antagonism and they may not have a sense of humor. In any case they seem to react harshly to things I say that they feel are offensive racially, religiously or regarding sexual preference. What is so odd to me is that if we are all equal and truly connected which I believe, then my remarks make no sense other than as humor. Yet my comments enrage so many who pantomime sensitivity in this regard.
  67. ^ Fagan, Mark (November 30, 2007). "Every Last World: Vincent Gallo - The Complete Transcript". The Austin Chronicle. It's so embarrassing to me that I've created, let's say, a vocabulary or a character that sort of mocks and mimics that stuff, because the only thing I find entertaining about it is in humor. ... So I play this role. I use these slurs or these outlandish concepts, which are so obviously meant to be funny or absurdist, at least absurdist. No hate group has ever reached out to me.
  68. ^ a b c "Vincent Gallo: The Context of Gallo - Metropia & Promises Written in Water". Lodown Magazine. No. 69. p. 71-75. Archived from the original on May 31, 2023.
  69. ^ a b Soloman, Deborah (August 22, 2004). "THE WAY WE LIVE NOW: 8-22-04: QUESTIONS FOR VINCENT GALLO; Gallo's Humor". New York Times.
  70. ^ a b NYO Staff (January 26, 2004). "G.O.P. Gallo". The New York Observer.
  71. ^ Schorn, Peter (May 18, 2012). "Rated R: Republicans in Hollywood". IGN.
  72. ^ Grigoriadis, Vanessa (August 24, 2004). "Party Girls". New York Magazine.
  73. ^ Rahman, Abid (March 22, 2018). "Vincent Gallo Pens Essay on Weinstein, Trump and 'Brown Bunny': "I Was the Donald Trump of Cannes"". The Hollywood Reporter.
  74. ^ "Vincent Gallo - Open Secrets". Archived from the original on July 11, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  75. ^ @vincentgallo (August 27, 2024). "TRUMP 2024" – via Instagram.
  76. ^ @vincentgallo (August 27, 2024). "Trump 2024 - Gallo". Instagram.
  77. ^ Maria Stella Taccone (June 1998). Encounter With Vincent Gallo. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  78. ^ TetroFilm. Tetro: My Boys. YouTube. Event occurs at 1:05.
  79. ^ a b Patterson, Troy (January 22, 1999). "Catching up with Vincent Gallo". Entertainment Weekly.
  80. ^ Mitchell, Elvis (August 21, 1998). "Vincent Gallo - The Treatment". KCRW (Podcast). Event occurs at 2:45.
  81. ^ Mitchell, Elvis (August 21, 1998). "Vincent Gallo - The Treatment". KCRW (Podcast). Event occurs at 2:20.
  82. ^ Nashawaty, Chris (July 24, 1998). "Vincent Gallo rages against the Hollywood machine". Entertainment Weekly.
  83. ^ a b Zahedi, Caveh. ""I don't intend to be a provocateur": Vincent Gallo". CavegZahedi.com. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
  84. ^ Mitchell, Elvis (August 21, 1998). "Vincent Gallo - The Treatment". KCRW (Podcast). Event occurs at 0:40.
  85. ^ Mitchell, Elvis (August 21, 1998). "Vincent Gallo - The Treatment". KCRW (Podcast). Event occurs at 10:16.
  86. ^ Hoban, Phoebe (November 24, 1996). "Downtown Actor, Uptown Ambitions". The New York Times.
  87. ^ ABC News (April 30, 2001). "Gallo Eager to Cross Picket Line". ABC News.
  88. ^ Mitchell, Elvis (August 21, 1998). "Vincent Gallo - The Treatment". KCRW (Podcast). Event occurs at 7:30.
  89. ^ Vincent Gallo on the Ramones. Youtube. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
  90. ^ "Freeway II: Confessions Of A Trickbaby". AV Club. March 29, 2002.
  91. ^ a b Ebert, Roger (September 3, 2004). "Revised editing releases a much improved 'Brown Bunny'". RogerEbert.com.
  92. ^ Ebert, Roger (June 17, 2009). "Lives haunted by the wounds and secrets of childhood".
  93. ^ Ebert, Roger (November 17, 2010). "The limits of endurance". RogerEbert.com.
  94. ^ "Guess who's coming to dinner: Papa". RogerEbert.com. August 15, 2002.
  95. ^ Semley, John (February 17, 2022). "Can Conservatives Make a Real Movie?". The New Republic.
  96. ^ Clarke, Cath (May 23, 2022). "Shut In review – Vincent Gallo returns for clueless poke at Hollywood's 'liberal bias'". The Guardian.
  97. ^ Ebert, Roger (August 7, 1998). "Buffalo '66". RogerEbert.com.
  98. ^ Mitchell, Elvis (August 21, 1998). "Vincent Gallo - The Treatment". KCRW (Podcast).
  99. ^ Johnston, Andrew (June 25, 1998). "Buffalo '66". Time Out New York: 84.
  100. ^ ""The Brown Bunny" hops into road-movie monotony". Seattle Times. September 10, 2004.
  101. ^ Davis, Manohhla (August 27, 2004). "FILM REVIEW; The Narcissist And His Lover". The New York Times.
  102. ^ Felperin, Leslie (September 6, 2010). "Promises Written in Water". Variety.
  103. ^ Young, Deborah (October 14, 2010). "Promises Written in Water — Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter.
  104. ^ Brooks, Xan (September 7, 2010). "Promises Written in Water". The Guardian.
  105. ^ Tobias, Scott; Murray, Noel (September 15, 2010). "TIFF '10: Day 6". The A.V. Club.
  106. ^ Lie, Truls (December 15, 2010). "Mostra 2010: Death in Venice". Modern Times Review.
  107. ^ "50 Greatest Independent Films From Empire". Filmsite.org. 2010.
  108. ^ "Cahiers du Cinema: Top Ten Lists 1951–2008". Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  109. ^ Gritten, David; Robey, Tim; Sandhu, Sukhdev (November 6, 2009). "The films that defined the noughties". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  110. ^ "Best Movies of 2003". Film Comment. January–February 2004.
  111. ^ a b Starkey, Arun (November 18, 2001). "Revisiting Vincent Gallo and Chloë Sevigny's notoriously important film 'The Brown Bunny'". Far Out Magazine.
  112. ^ "Josh Safdie - BFI". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
  113. ^ a b EssentialJournal (November 17, 2017). "Good Times Bad Times: Q&A with Josh Safdie". essentialjournal.co.uk. Archived from the original on February 28, 2018.
  114. ^ Newman, Nick (July 6, 2022). "Claire Denis on Both Sides of the Blade, Autofiction, and FaceTime Actor". The Film Stage.
  115. ^ Russell, Calum (October 1, 2023). "David Lowery names his five favourite movies of all time". Far Out.
  116. ^ "10/10: Sean Price Williams". Projectr.tv. 2017. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021.
  117. ^ Fujitani, Ryan (August 10, 2017). "Robert Pattinson's Five Favorite Films". Rotten Tomatoes.
  118. ^ a b "Vincent Gallo: 'I am available to all women - all women who can afford me, that is'". The Independent. June 5, 2010.
  119. ^ Godfrey, Alex (March 25, 2011). "Vincent Gallo Wants His Berries". Vice.
  120. ^ Austin Film Society (October 26, 2019). BUFFALO 66 w/ actor Kevin Corrigan and Bob Byington. YouTube. Event occurs at 30:48.
  121. ^ Johnny Vaughan interviews Vincent Gallo (Channel 4) 1999. 1999. Event occurs at 4:10.
  122. ^ "Courteney Cox; Richard Roeper; Plain White T's". The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Season 15. Episode 164.
  123. ^ Lady Miz Diva (June 5, 2009). "Tetro Interview - Director Francis Ford Coppola and Actor Alden Ehrenreich". TheDivaReview.com.
  124. ^ Patterson, Troy (January 22, 1999). "Catching up with Vincent Gallo". Entertainment Weekly.
  125. ^ Leigh, Danny (August 5, 2011). "No more public exposure: Vincent Gallo puts his films away". The Guardian.
  126. ^ Hope, Clover (September 21, 2011). "The 25 Most Stylish Directors of All Time". GQ.
  127. ^ "Vincent Gallo Retrospective In Japan". ArtDaily.
  128. ^ Lancheros, Luz (September 27, 2021). "Cowboy Bebop: Can Netflix capture the melancholy and sophistication of the best anime ever?". Metro Philadelphia.
  129. ^ "Silent Hill 3 Character Commentary". Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  130. ^ Catherine Visual & Scenario Collection ♀Venus☆Mode♂. ASCII Media Works. August 2011.
  131. ^ Gallo, Vincent. "Vincent Gallo . Com: Acting".
  132. ^ "41st Viennale - Vienna International Film Festival". Fipresci.org. October 2003. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  133. ^ Adler, Tim (July 29, 2010). "Venice Announces Competition Line-Up". Deadline.
  134. ^ "La Biennale di Venezia - Venezia 67". labiennale.org. p. 2. Archived from the original on August 1, 2010.
[edit]